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Elucidating the Design Space of Multimodal Protein Language Models

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arxiv 2504.11454 v3 pith:DAXVBFE3 submitted 2025-04-15 cs.LG cs.AIq-bio.QM

Elucidating the Design Space of Multimodal Protein Language Models

classification cs.LG cs.AIq-bio.QM
keywords designmultimodalplmsmodelingmodelsproteinspacestructural
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Multimodal protein language models (PLMs) integrate sequence and token-based structural information, serving as a powerful foundation for protein modeling, generation, and design. However, the reliance on tokenizing 3D structures into discrete tokens causes substantial loss of fidelity about fine-grained structural details and correlations. In this paper, we systematically elucidate the design space of multimodal PLMs to overcome their limitations. We identify tokenization loss and inaccurate structure token predictions by the PLMs as major bottlenecks. To address these, our proposed design space covers improved generative modeling, structure-aware architectures and representation learning, and data exploration. Our advancements approach finer-grained supervision, demonstrating that token-based multimodal PLMs can achieve robust structural modeling. The effective design methods dramatically improve the structure generation diversity, and notably, folding abilities of our 650M model by reducing the RMSD from 5.52 to 2.36 on PDB testset, even outperforming 3B baselines and on par with the specialized folding models. Project page and code: https://bytedance.github.io/dplm/dplm-2.1/.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. VibeProteinBench: An Evaluation Benchmark for Language-interfaced Vibe Protein Design

    q-bio.QM 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    VibeProteinBench is a three-stage language-interfaced benchmark revealing that no current LLM performs strongly across recognition, engineering, and generation of proteins.

  2. VibeProteinBench: An Evaluation Benchmark for Language-interfaced Vibe Protein Design

    q-bio.QM 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0

    VibeProteinBench is a new benchmark evaluating LLMs on open-ended language-interfaced protein design across recognition, engineering, and generation, with no model showing strong performance in all areas.

  3. Protein Autoregressive Modeling via Multiscale Structure Generation

    cs.LG 2026-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    PAR is a multi-scale autoregressive transformer framework for protein backbone generation that uses coarse-to-fine prediction, noisy context learning, and flow-based decoding to achieve high-quality unconditional and ...

  4. HD-Prot: A Protein Language Model for Joint Sequence-Structure Modeling with Continuous Structure Tokens

    cs.CE 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0

    HD-Prot shows that a protein language model can jointly generate sequences and structures using continuous structure tokens instead of quantized tokens, reaching competitive performance on four protein design tasks.