Efficient and Accurate Simulations of Vibrational and Electronic Spectra with Symmetry-Preserving Neural Network Models for Tensorial Properties

Machine learning has revolutionized the high-dimensional representations for molecular properties such as potential energy. However, there are scarce machine learning models targeting tensorial properties, which are rotationally covariant. Here, we propose tensorial neural network (NN) models to learn both tensorial response and transition properties, in which atomic coordinate vectors are multiplied with scalar NN outputs or their derivatives to preserve the rotationally covariant symmetry. This strategy keeps structural descriptors symmetry invariant so that the resulting tensorial NN models are as efficient as their scalar counterparts. We validate the performance and universality of this approach by learning response properties of water oligomers and liquid water, and transition dipole moment of a model structural unit of proteins. Machine learned tensorial models have enabled efficient simulations of vibrational spectra of liquid water and ultraviolet spectra of realistic proteins, promising feasible and accurate spectroscopic simulations for biomolecules and materials.