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Exploiting Programmatic Behavior of LLMs: Dual-Use Through Standard Security Attacks

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arxiv 2302.05733 v1 pith:EAPFT73C submitted 2023-02-11 cs.CR cs.LG

classification cs.CRcs.LG
keywords llmsattacksdual-useinstruction-followingcapabilitiesmaliciouscontentmodels
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Recent advances in instruction-following large language models (LLMs) have led to dramatic improvements in a range of NLP tasks. Unfortunately, we find that the same improved capabilities amplify the dual-use risks for malicious purposes of these models. Dual-use is difficult to prevent as instruction-following capabilities now enable standard attacks from computer security. The capabilities of these instruction-following LLMs provide strong economic incentives for dual-use by malicious actors. In particular, we show that instruction-following LLMs can produce targeted malicious content, including hate speech and scams, bypassing in-the-wild defenses implemented by LLM API vendors. Our analysis shows that this content can be generated economically and at cost likely lower than with human effort alone. Together, our findings suggest that LLMs will increasingly attract more sophisticated adversaries and attacks, and addressing these attacks may require new approaches to mitigations.

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Cited by 8 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 27 citations worldwide. Full citation record

  1. RoguePrompt: Dual-Layer Encoding for Self-Reconstruction to Circumvent LLM Moderation

    cs.CR 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    RoguePrompt, a Vigenère+ROT13 self-reconstruction jailbreak, achieves 70.18% execution@3 and 93.93% bypass@3 across GPT-4o, Claude 3 Opus, and Gemini 1.5 Pro on 313 StrongREJECT prompts.

  2. JADES: A Universal Framework for Jailbreak Assessment via Decompositional Scoring

    cs.CR 2025-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    JADES judges jailbreak success by decomposing harmful prompts into weighted sub-questions and scoring each part, claiming 98.5% human agreement and showing prior attack success rates are inflated.

  3. Circumventing Safety Alignment in Large Language Models Through Embedding Space Toxicity Attenuation

    cs.CL 2025-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ETTA bypasses LLM safety refusals by learning a linear toxicity direction in the embedding space and attenuating it in word embeddings at inference time.

  4. Stop Testing Attacks, Start Diagnosing Defenses: The Four-Checkpoint Framework Reveals Where LLM Safety Breaks

    cs.CR 2026-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A graded-leakage measure raises reported LLM jailbreak success from 22.6% to 52.7%, with output-stage and intent-level defenses emerging as the weak checkpoints.

  5. MoGU V2: Toward a Higher Pareto Frontier Between Model Usability and Security

    cs.CL 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    MoGUv2 embeds small routers in the deeper layers of LLMs to dynamically blend a helpful variant and a refusal variant, improving safety against jailbreak and fine-tuning attacks while preserving usability.

  6. Anchoring Refusal Direction: Mitigating Safety Risks in Tuning via Projection Constraint

    cs.CL 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    ProCon anchors each sample's hidden-state projection onto the LLM's initial refusal direction during instruction fine-tuning, reducing refusal-direction drift and safety risks with limited task-performance loss.

  7. Layer-Wise Perturbations via Sparse Autoencoders for Adversarial Text Generation

    cs.CL 2025-08 reject novelty 5.0 of 10

    Sparse autoencoder activation perturbation (SFPF) applied on top of existing jailbreak prompts raises attack success rate on Qwen3-32B, but with no defense evaluation and weak reproducibility.

  8. Breaking to Build: A Threat Model of Prompt-Based Attacks for Securing LLMs

    cs.CL 2025-09 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

    A survey categorizing prompt-based attacks on LLMs into four classes and proposing aspirational goals of un-distillable, un-finetunable, and un-editable models.

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