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Tempest: Autonomous Multi-Turn Jailbreaking of Large Language Models with Tree Search
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We introduce Tempest, a multi-turn adversarial framework that models the gradual erosion of Large Language Model (LLM) safety through a tree search perspective. Unlike single-turn jailbreaks that rely on one meticulously engineered prompt, Tempest expands the conversation at each turn in a breadth-first fashion, branching out multiple adversarial prompts that exploit partial compliance from previous responses. By tracking these incremental policy leaks and re-injecting them into subsequent queries, Tempest reveals how minor concessions can accumulate into fully disallowed outputs. Evaluations on the JailbreakBench dataset show that Tempest achieves a 100% success rate on GPT-3.5-turbo and 97% on GPT-4 in a single multi-turn run, using fewer queries than baselines such as Crescendo or GOAT. This tree search methodology offers an in-depth view of how model safeguards degrade over successive dialogue turns, underscoring the urgency of robust multi-turn testing procedures for language models.
Forward citations
Cited by 9 Pith papers
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SoK: Intent-Oriented Systematization of Multi-Turn LLM Jailbreaks
Multi-turn LLM jailbreaks succeed based on how harmful intent is organized across turns, not on interaction length, and detection should shift to session and cross-session scope.
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NRT-Bench: Benchmarking Multi-Turn Red-Teaming of LLM Operator Agents in Safety-Critical Control Rooms
NRT-Bench reports that adaptive multi-turn attacks cause critical safety function loss in 8.7-12.1% of sessions across four frontier LLM operator models, with nearly disjoint vulnerabilities and strongly model-depende...
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Jailbreaking the Matrix: Nullspace Steering for Controlled Model Subversion
HMNS is a new jailbreak method that uses causal head identification and nullspace-constrained injection to achieve higher attack success rates than prior techniques on aligned language models.
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Forecasting Trajectory-Level Safety Risks in Black-Box Multi-Turn Interactions
Recast predicts the turn distribution of future multi-turn LLM safety failures from dual-scale trajectory evidence, catching 88.3% of failures 2.41 turns early at 12.3% false alarms.
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The Salami Slicing Threat: Exploiting Cumulative Risks in LLM Systems
Salami Attack chains low-risk inputs to cumulatively trigger high-risk LLM behaviors, achieving over 90% success on GPT-4o and Gemini while resisting some defenses.
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CoopGuard: Stateful Cooperative Agents Safeguarding LLMs Against Evolving Multi-Round Attacks
CoopGuard deploys cooperative agents to track conversation history and counter evolving multi-round attacks on LLMs, achieving a 78.9% reduction in attack success rate on a new 5,200-sample benchmark.
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Multi-Turn Adaptive Prompting Attack on Large Vision-Language Models
A multi-turn attack that alternates text and image prompts and adapts its trajectory outperforms existing jailbreak methods on four vision-language models, reaching up to 100% attack success rate.
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SoK: Robustness in Large Language Models against Jailbreak Attacks
The paper taxonomizes jailbreak attacks and defenses for LLMs, introduces the Security Cube multi-dimensional evaluation framework, benchmarks 13 attacks and 5 defenses, and identifies open challenges in LLM robustness.
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Stateful Cooperative Agents Safeguarding LLMs Against Evolving Multi-Turn Attacks
CoopGuard's defer-tempt-analyze-coordinate agents cut reported jailbreak success and raise attacker token costs on the new EMRA benchmark, but the deceptive-rate metric is partly defined by the paper's own scoring rubric.
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