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The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays
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The origin of the highest energy cosmic rays is still unknown. The discovery of their sources will reveal the workings of the most energetic astrophysical accelerators in the universe. Current observations show a spectrum consistent with an origin in extragalactic astrophysical sources. Candidate sources range from the birth of compact objects to explosions related to gamma-ray bursts or to events in active galaxies. We discuss the main effects of propagation from cosmologically distant sources including interactions with cosmic background radiation and magnetic fields. We examine possible acceleration mechanisms leading to a survey of candidate sources and their signatures. New questions arise from an observed hint of sky anisotropies and an unexpected evolution of composition indicators. Future observations may reach the necessary sensitivity to achieve charged particle astronomy and to observe ultrahigh energy photons and neutrinos, which will further illuminate the workings of the universe at these extreme energies. In addition to fostering a new understanding of high-energy astrophysical phenomena, the study of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays can constrain the structure of the Galactic and extragalactic magnetic fields as well as probe particle interactions at energies orders of magnitude higher than achieved in terrestrial accelerators.
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Cited by 15 Pith papers
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Smoothed particle magnetohydrodynamics for simulations of galaxy and cosmic structure formation
A new conservative SPMHD scheme in SWIFT passes standard tests and achieves the first coupling of the EAGLE galaxy formation model to magnetohydrodynamics.
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Ultraheavy Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays
Ultraheavy nuclei have longer energy loss lengths at ≲300 EeV than lighter nuclei, allowing them to explain UHECRs above 100 EeV from sources like collapsars and neutron star mergers while predicting distinct shower maxima.
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Magnetic rigidity reveals the PeVatron acceleration region in SS433
The radio-measured magnetic field in SS 433's inner jet declines as H^-0.5, so the jet retains enough magnetic rigidity at ~100 AU to accelerate protons to PeV energies.
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Ultra high-energy cosmic rays from relativistic outflows in accretion induced collapse of white dwarfs
Relativistic outflows in accretion-induced collapse of white dwarfs are modeled as sources of UHECRs, contributing a few 10^43-10^45 erg Mpc^{-3} yr^{-1} assuming iron-like nuclei and sufficient event rates.
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Leading-order gravitational time delay of massive particles by a moving Schwarzschild lens
A unified 1PM formula gives the gravitational time delay of relativistic massive and massless particles by a radially moving Schwarzschild lens, matching known light and static limits.
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The Extreme Universe Observatory on a Super-Pressure Balloon II: Mission, Payload, and Flight
A short balloon flight commissioned a fluorescence and a Cherenkov telescope at 33 km altitude and returned about 10 candidate cosmic-ray extensive air shower events from Cherenkov light.
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Inductive acceleration of ions in Poynting-flux dominated outflows
Adding ions to a magnetized relativistic wind lets inductive acceleration push both ions and leptons to Hillas-limit energies in a shorter distance than lepton-only winds.
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Ultra-High-Energy Particle Production in Binary Mergers Endowed with Magnetic Fields
Using a magnetized Kerr spacetime, the authors compute that binary merger remnants can yield proton collision energies up to 10^20 eV, proposing them as UHECR sources.
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Time-dependent cosmic-ray escape from wind bubbles: hard spectra formation
Numerical modeling of time-dependent cosmic-ray advection and diffusion in spherically symmetric wind bubbles shows escaping spectra harder than E^{-2} during the wind-driven phase, with low-energy suppression dependi...
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Exploring neutrino loss with diffuse astrophysical neutrino fluxes
IceCube diffuse neutrino data constrains neutrino loss from new physics via energy conservation, yielding bounds that vary with attenuation energy dependence and source redshift assumptions while potentially affecting...
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Attenuation of the ultra-high-energy neutrino flux by dark matter scatterings
UHE neutrino flux is attenuated by DM scatterings in intergalactic and galactic media, enabling cross-section limits from events like KM3230213A under mild astrophysical assumptions.
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A new calculation of Earth-skimming very- and ultra-high energy tau neutrinos
A new calculation of Earth-skimming tau neutrino detection shows POEMMA could probe diffuse and transient ultra-high-energy neutrino fluxes, with a 30-40% sensitivity uncertainty from interaction models.
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Study of Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars and BL Lacertae Objects as Sources of Diffusive Ultra High-Energy Cosmic Rays
BL Lacs remain consistent with UHECR observations while FSRQs are disfavoured by anisotropy and source density mismatches after propagation modeling.
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TeV-PeV Gamma-ray and Neutrino Emission in the Galactic Plane
Alternative ISRF models produce only modest changes to the LHAASO diffuse gamma-ray fit; the associated pp neutrinos remain consistent with IceCube all-sky data and compatible with ANTARES/KM3NeT limits.
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POEMMA (Probe of Extreme Multi-Messenger Astrophysics) design
POEMMA is a proposed NASA probe-class mission designed to observe ultra-high energy cosmic rays and cosmic neutrinos from space.
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