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Cosmological phase transitions: from perturbative particle physics to gravitational waves
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Gravitational waves (GWs) were recently detected for the first time. This revolutionary discovery opens a new way of learning about particle physics through GWs from first-order phase transitions (FOPTs) in the early Universe. FOPTs could occur when new fundamental symmetries are spontaneously broken down to the Standard Model and are a vital ingredient in solutions of the matter anti-matter asymmetry problem. The purpose of our work is to review the path from a particle physics model to GWs, which contains many specialized parts, so here we provide a timely review of all the required steps, including: (i) building a finite-temperature effective potential in a particle physics model and checking for FOPTs; (ii) computing transition rates; (iii) analyzing the dynamics of bubbles of true vacuum expanding in a thermal plasma; (iv) characterizing a transition using thermal parameters; and, finally, (v) making predictions for GW spectra using the latest simulations and theoretical results and considering the detectability of predicted spectra at future GW detectors. For each step we emphasize the subtleties, advantages and drawbacks of different methods, discuss open questions and review the state-of-art approaches available in the literature. This provides everything a particle physicist needs to begin exploring GW phenomenology.
Forward citations
Cited by 48 Pith papers
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Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions
The paper derives a quantitative relationship showing that the Kerr parameter a_* of PBHs from first-order phase transitions increases with latent heat α and decreases with transition rate β, reaching typical values o...
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Reviving primordial black hole formation in slow first-order phase transitions
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A first-order phase-transition exit from a displaced Starobinsky branch truncates ~12 e-folds, shifting the spectral tilt from n_s≈0.965 to ≈0.973 at r≈2×10⁻³.
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Strong First-Order Electroweak Phase Transitions and Gravitational Waves in the Normal Two-Higgs-Doublet Model: A Comparative Study of the Four Yukawa Types and Thermal Resummation Schemes
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Polyakov Loops Tame Phase Transitions
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Electroweak First-Order Phase Transition Triggered by Non-Gaussian Fluctuations of a $\mathbb{Z}_2$-Symmetric Spectator Scalar
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Primordial black holes spin from cosmological first-order phase transitions
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Self-Consistent Parker Bound on Magnetic Monopoles
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Gravitational Waves from a Black Hole Falling Radially into a Thin-Shell Traversable Wormhole
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Imprint of domain wall annihilation on induced gravitational waves
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Gravitational Waves from Confinement in $SU(N)$ Yang-Mills Theory
For pure SU(N) Yang-Mills dark sectors, confinement transitions produce gravitational waves too weak for LISA, ET, CE, DECIGO or BBO, with peak amplitude at N≈20 and a large-N decay h²Ω_peak ∝ N^{-14/3}.
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Gravitational Waves from Dark Gauge Sectors
A dark SU(2) gauge sector that explains vector dark matter can produce LISA-detectable gravitational waves from a first-order phase transition, with a companion six-top signature at the HL-LHC.
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Exploring Leptogenesis in the Era of First Order Electroweak Phase Transition
Low-scale leptogenesis becomes viable in the neutrino seesaw framework when a first-order electroweak phase transition allows sphalerons to convert lepton asymmetry into baryon asymmetry at temperatures below the Stan...
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Investigating a strong first-order electroweak phase transition in the RxSM at future linear $e^+e^-$ colliders and LISA
In the RxSM, singlet-driven SFOEWPTs yield strong LISA GW signals with SM-like Higgs couplings, while doublet-driven ones yield large κ_λ deviations visible at ILC1000 but weak GWs.
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The price for monopole dark matter
Dark matter can consist of 't Hooft-Polyakov monopoles in a dark SU(2) sector, but only in a narrow window with m_M ≳ 10^8 GeV, near-bound dark radiation, and possibly detectable gravitational waves.
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The art of simulating the early Universe. Part III: Scalar-Gauge-Fluid Dynamics
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PBH formation and Gravitational Waves as Multi-messenger Signals of First-order Phase Transitions
False-vacuum collapse during first-order phase transitions can form PBHs and emit GWs across a broad parameter range, and MeV-scale classically conformal U(1)_{B-L} symmetry breaking has the largest region where both ...
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A critical look at low-scale cosmological phase transitions in the PTA era
Precision study of dark sector phase transitions finds PTA-favored parameters near EFT breakdown with disfavored GW signals after higher-order corrections.
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HydroGrav: Precise hydrodynamics and gravitational waves for cosmological phase transitions
HydroGrav code computes self-similar fluid profiles and GW spectra using exact EOS from effective potentials for EWPT models, identifying parameter regions in a Z2 SM extension where simplified EOS differ in amplitude...
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Subcritical bubble prehistory in weak first-order phase transition
In weak first-order phase transitions, subcritical bubbles reach percent-level volume fractions before critical nucleation when phases are nearly degenerate at Tn, invalidating the homogeneous-background assumption fo...
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Reviving primordial black hole formation in slow first-order phase transitions
Slow reheating after a supercooled first-order phase transition allows an early matter-dominated era in which small curvature perturbations grow sufficiently to form primordial black holes.
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Dark Matter Production from Bubble Collisions during a First-Order Phase Transition at the End of Inflation
Bubble collisions during a first-order phase transition at the end of inflation can generate the observed dark matter abundance in a restricted region of parameter space via direct production and spectator decays.
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Primordial Magnetogenesis and Gravitational Waves from ALP-assisted Phase Transition
ALP-assisted first-order phase transitions can explain observed intergalactic magnetic fields and produce detectable gravitational waves, linking cosmology with particle physics searches.
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Probing High-Quality Axions with Gravitational Waves
High-quality axion models with N_DW=1 and dark matter abundance requirement restrict the gauge breaking scale to 1.6e11-1e16 GeV, yielding a band of gravitational wave signals from two-step phase transitions consisten...
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Inflationary phase transitions in the early Universe: A Bayesian study with space-based gravitational-wave detectors
With a Taiji-like detector, inflationary phase-transition gravitational-wave backgrounds are detectable at SNR≳10, but reliable parameter reconstruction needs SNR≳33 and degrades with astrophysical foregrounds.
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Scalar field effective potentials in de Sitter spacetime
Explicit one-loop computation shows the constraint effective potential for scalars in de Sitter is free of infrared problems and supports its use in stochastic Starobinsky-Yokoyama inflation.
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Bayesian analysis of the complex singlet model with phase transition gravitational waves
A realistic Taiji-like analysis recovers an injected complex-singlet phase-transition gravitational-wave signal at relative SNR ≈ 53 with ln BF ≈ 11.6, and maps the spectrum posterior onto the Higgs cubic self-couplin...
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Beyond the Daisy Chain: Running and the 3D EFT View of Supercooled Phase Transitions
With renormalisation-group running included, the one-loop high-temperature Daisy-resummed potential at µ=πT reproduces the phase-transition parameters of the two-loop dimensionally reduced EFT, while the no-running on...
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Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings
Frequency-domain simulations of the Taiji mission, including noise and foregrounds, demonstrate that the stochastic gravitational wave background from an electroweak phase transition can constrain Higgs cubic and quar...
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Measuring gravitational wave spectrum from electroweak phase transition and Higgs self-couplings
Using simulated Taiji data, the authors show that a stochastic gravitational-wave signal from an electroweak phase transition in the singlet-extended Standard Model can constrain the Higgs cubic and quartic self-couplings.
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Gravitational Wave Signature and the Nature of Neutrino Masses: Majorana, Dirac, or Pseudo-Dirac?
In the minimal B-L gauge extension, Majorana neutrinos at high breaking scale produce flat GW spectra from cosmic strings, Dirac at low scale produce peaked spectra from first-order phase transitions, and pseudo-Dirac...
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Numerical simulations of density perturbation and gravitational wave production from cosmological first-order phase transition
3D simulations of cosmological first-order phase transitions find density perturbation spectra with k^3 and k^{-1.5} slopes and GW spectra with k^3 and k^{-2}, confirming slow transitions can produce PBHs.
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Observable CMB B-modes from Cosmological Phase Transitions
Phase transitions in dark sectors can generate CMB B-modes with amplitudes competitive with inflation but peaking at smaller angular scales.
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Gravitational Waves from Multiple First-Order Phase Transitions in a Scenario with Early Matter Domination
Early matter domination with time-dependent decay rates produces multiple first-order phase transitions whose gravitational wave signatures encode the transition and reheating temperatures.
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A Deep Dive into Baryon Asymmetry -- the C2HDM
New BSMPT implementation of baryon asymmetry computation using WKB transport equations with moment truncations and VEV profile solving, validated in the C2HDM with uncertainty and GW interplay analysis.
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Probing Dynamical Inverse Seesaw with Low-frequency Gravitational Waves
Dynamical inverse seesaw predicts low-frequency stochastic GW signals from a first-order phase transition, with complementarity to heavy neutral lepton searches at small active-sterile mixing.
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How large are curvature perturbations from slow first-order phase transitions? A gauge-invariant analysis
Slow first-order phase transitions generate comoving curvature perturbations too small to form primordial black holes, with a new fitting template for the power spectrum.
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Gamma-Rays and Gravitational Waves from Inelastic Higgs Portal Dark Matter
An inelastic complex-scalar Higgs portal dark matter model can evade direct detection, explain the Galactic Center gamma-ray excess, and produce a first-order electroweak phase transition with a gravitational wave sig...
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Bayesian analysis of the complex singlet model with phase transition gravitational waves
Bayesian forecasts for the Taiji detector constrain complex singlet model parameters through electroweak phase transition gravitational wave signals.
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