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arxiv: 2605.27519 · v1 · pith:FX5JPGBHnew · submitted 2026-05-26 · ✦ hep-ph · astro-ph.CO· hep-ex· hep-th

Probing Dynamical Inverse Seesaw with Low-frequency Gravitational Waves

Debasish Borah , Sounak Dutta , Partha Kumar Paul , Indrajit Saha , Narendra Sahu This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-29 16:39 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-ph astro-ph.COhep-exhep-th
keywords inverse seesawgravitational wavesphase transitionneutrino massespulsar timing arraysheavy neutral leptonslepton number violation
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0 comments X

The pith

Making the inverse seesaw dynamical generates a low-scale phase transition whose gravitational waves fall in the pulsar timing array band.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper examines the inverse seesaw for light neutrino masses when the lepton-number violating Majorana mass term is promoted to a dynamical scalar field. This dynamical origin places the transition scale in the sub-MeV range, producing a first-order phase transition whose stochastic gravitational wave spectrum peaks at frequencies accessible to pulsar timing arrays. The same setup remains sensitive to regions of very small active-sterile mixing that are difficult for collider or beam-dump experiments to reach, creating a potential complementarity between gravitational-wave and particle-physics searches.

Core claim

Dynamical generation of the lepton-number violating term in the inverse seesaw naturally produces a low-scale first-order phase transition whose resulting gravitational-wave background lies within the frequency window currently probed by pulsar timing arrays, while also opening sensitivity to small active-sterile mixing angles.

What carries the argument

Dynamical lepton-number violating scalar whose vacuum expectation value sets the sub-MeV Majorana mass and triggers a first-order phase transition.

If this is right

  • Detection of a nanohertz gravitational-wave background would fix the lepton-number violating scale to lie near the sub-MeV range.
  • The gravitational-wave signal remains visible even when active-sterile mixing is too small for heavy-neutral-lepton searches at colliders or fixed-target experiments.
  • The same phase transition can generate a baryon asymmetry through leptogenesis at the same low scale.
  • Complementary limits from big-bang nucleosynthesis and cosmic microwave background measurements would further restrict the allowed transition temperature.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the gravitational-wave signal is observed, future interferometers at higher frequencies could search for the same transition's high-frequency tail.
  • The dynamical scalar could couple to dark matter and alter the predicted relic density in ways testable by direct-detection experiments.
  • Similar dynamical mechanisms could be applied to other low-scale neutrino-mass models to predict additional gravitational-wave targets.

Load-bearing premise

The lepton-number violating scale stays below a few MeV and its dynamical realization produces a first-order phase transition whose gravitational-wave spectrum reaches the pulsar timing array frequency band.

What would settle it

A null result for a stochastic gravitational-wave background in the nanohertz to microhertz range, after subtracting known astrophysical sources, would exclude the sub-MeV dynamical inverse-seesaw parameter space that produces an observable signal.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2605.27519 by Debasish Borah, Indrajit Saha, Narendra Sahu, Partha Kumar Paul, Sounak Dutta.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. The effective potential as a function of the field value, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. The gravitational wave energy density spectrum [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p002_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Exclusion limits on active-sterile mixing strength ( [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

We study the possibility of probing the dynamical inverse seesaw mechanism for the origin of light neutrino masses via the detection of stochastic gravitational waves (GW) in the low-frequency regime currently being probed by pulsar timing arrays. As the lepton number-violating term in inverse seesaw typically remains in the sub-MeV ballpark, its dynamical origin naturally brings the possibility of a low-scale first-order phase transition, which can be probed at low-frequency GW experiments. We also find interesting complementarity with heavy neutral lepton searches, as GW experiments remain sensitive to parameter space with small active-sterile mixing, which is out of reach for most particle physics experiments.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 0 minor

Summary. The manuscript claims that the dynamical inverse seesaw mechanism, in which the lepton-number-violating parameter μ is generated by a scalar field, naturally produces a low-scale first-order phase transition whose stochastic gravitational-wave spectrum falls in the nHz band accessible to pulsar timing arrays. It further asserts complementarity with heavy neutral lepton searches, since GW signals remain sensitive to regions of small active-sterile mixing that are out of reach for most particle-physics experiments.

Significance. If the central claim is substantiated, the work would identify a new cosmological probe of neutrino-mass generation that exploits the sub-MeV scale of μ to predict a phase transition at T ~ 100 keV. This would furnish falsifiable predictions for PTA experiments and cover parameter space complementary to direct HNL searches. No machine-checked proofs, reproducible code, or parameter-free derivations are presented.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract] The assertion in the abstract that the dynamical origin of μ 'naturally' yields a first-order phase transition with GW peak frequency in the PTA window is not supported by any derivation of the scalar potential, the finite-temperature effective potential, or the nucleation parameters α and β/H. Without these quantities the frequency match and first-order character remain unverified assumptions rather than demonstrated results.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 1 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and the constructive comment on the abstract. We address it below.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] The assertion in the abstract that the dynamical origin of μ 'naturally' yields a first-order phase transition with GW peak frequency in the PTA window is not supported by any derivation of the scalar potential, the finite-temperature effective potential, or the nucleation parameters α and β/H. Without these quantities the frequency match and first-order character remain unverified assumptions rather than demonstrated results.

    Authors: We agree with the referee that the current manuscript does not contain explicit derivations of the scalar potential, the finite-temperature effective potential, or the nucleation parameters α and β/H. The abstract statement relies on the sub-MeV scale of the lepton-number-violating parameter μ implying a low-scale transition, but this remains an assumption rather than a calculated result. We will revise the abstract to replace 'naturally' with 'suggests the possibility of' and will add a clarifying paragraph in the introduction or conclusions noting the assumptions and the need for dedicated follow-up calculations of the phase-transition parameters. revision: yes

standing simulated objections not resolved
  • The manuscript does not contain the requested derivations of the scalar potential, finite-temperature effective potential, or nucleation parameters.

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected

full rationale

The paper asserts that dynamical generation of the sub-MeV LNV term in inverse seesaw 'naturally' produces a low-scale FOPT whose GW spectrum falls in the PTA band, with complementarity to HNL searches. No equations, parameter fits, or self-citations are exhibited in the provided text that reduce any claimed prediction or first-principles result to the inputs by construction (e.g., no fitted scale renamed as prediction, no uniqueness theorem imported from the same authors, no ansatz smuggled via prior work). The central claim is presented as an exploratory possibility rather than a derived quantity forced by self-reference or redefinition, rendering the derivation self-contained against the enumerated circularity patterns.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Only abstract available; no free parameters, axioms, or invented entities can be extracted or audited.

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discussion (0)

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