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Universal Actions for Enhanced Embodied Foundation Models

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arxiv 2501.10105 v2 pith:FNIAIRF2 submitted 2025-01-17 cs.RO cs.AIcs.CV

classification cs.ROcs.AIcs.CV
keywords embodiedfoundationuniversalactionsmodelsrobotsdatauniact
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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Training on diverse, internet-scale data is a key factor in the success of recent large foundation models. Yet, using the same recipe for building embodied agents has faced noticeable difficulties. Despite the availability of many crowd-sourced embodied datasets, their action spaces often exhibit significant heterogeneity due to distinct physical embodiment and control interfaces for different robots, causing substantial challenges in developing embodied foundation models using cross-domain data. In this paper, we introduce UniAct, a new embodied foundation modeling framework operating in a Universal Action Space. Our learned universal actions capture the generic atomic behaviors across diverse robots by exploiting their shared structural features, and enable enhanced cross-domain data utilization and cross-embodiment generalizations by eliminating the notorious heterogeneity. The universal actions can be efficiently translated back to heterogeneous actionable commands by simply adding embodiment-specific details, from which fast adaptation to new robots becomes simple and straightforward. Our 0.5B instantiation of UniAct outperforms 14X larger SOTA embodied foundation models in extensive evaluations on various real-world and simulation robots, showcasing exceptional cross-embodiment control and adaptation capability, highlighting the crucial benefit of adopting universal actions. Project page: https://github.com/2toinf/UniAct

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Cited by 6 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. EA-WM: Event-Aware Generative World Model with Structured Kinematic-to-Visual Action Fields

    cs.CV 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    EA-WM generates more accurate robot world rollouts by projecting actions as structured visual fields in camera space and using event-aware bidirectional fusion to better capture interaction dynamics.

  2. CF-VLA: Efficient Coarse-to-Fine Action Generation for Vision-Language-Action Policies

    cs.CV 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 7.0 of 10

    CF-VLA uses a coarse initialization over endpoint velocity followed by single-step refinement to achieve strong performance with low inference steps on CALVIN, LIBERO, and real-robot tasks.

  3. Hi Robot: Open-Ended Instruction Following with Hierarchical Vision-Language-Action Models

    cs.RO 2025-02 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    A hierarchical VLA architecture lets robots follow complex instructions and situated feedback by separating high-level reasoning from low-level control.

  4. RoboChemist: Long-Horizon and Safety-Compliant Robotic Chemical Experimentation

    cs.RO 2025-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A dual-loop VLM plus VLA system uses visual prompts and closed-loop monitoring to perform chemistry lab manipulations with reported gains in success and safety-compliance over baseline robot policies.

  5. SpatialVLA: Exploring Spatial Representations for Visual-Language-Action Model

    cs.RO 2025-01 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

    SpatialVLA adds 3D-aware position encoding and adaptive discretized action grids to visual-language-action models, enabling strong zero-shot performance and fine-tuning on new robot setups after pre-training on 1.1 mi...

  6. JoyAI-RA 0.1: A Foundation Model for Robotic Autonomy

    cs.RO 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

    JoyAI-RA is a multi-source pretrained VLA model that claims to bridge human-to-robot embodiment gaps via data unification and outperforms prior methods on generalization-heavy robotic tasks.

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