Application of a Free Energy Landscape Approach to Study Tension Dependent Bilayer Tubulation Mediated by Curvature Inducing Proteins

We investigate the phenomenon of protein induced tubulation of lipid bilayer membranes within a continuum framework using Monte Carlo simulations coupled with the Widom insertion technique to compute excess chemical potentials. Tubular morphologies are spontaneously formed when the density and the curvature-field strength of the membrane bound proteins exceed their respective thresholds and this transition is marked by a sharp drop in the excess chemical potential. We find that the planar to tubular transition can be described by a micellar model and that the corresponding free energy barrier increases with increase in the curvature-field strength, (i.e. of protein-membrane interactions), and also with increase in membrane tension.