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Observing Invisible Axions with Gravitational Waves
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abstract
If the Peccei-Quinn symmetry associated to an axion has ever been restored after inflation, axion strings inevitably produce a contribution to the stochastic gravitational wave background. Combining effective field theory analysis with numerical simulations, we show that the resulting gravitational wave spectrum has logarithmic deviations from a scale invariant form with an amplitude that is significantly enhanced at low frequencies. As a result, a single ultralight axion-like particle with a decay constant larger than $10^{14}~{\rm GeV}$ and any mass between $10^{-18}~{\rm eV}$ and $10^{-28}~{\rm eV}$ leads to an observable gravitational wave spectrum and is compatible with constraints on the post-inflationary scenario from dark matter overproduction, isocurvature and dark radiation. Since the spectrum extends over a wide range of frequencies, the resulting signal could be detected by multiple experiments. We describe straightforward ways in which the Peccei-Quinn symmetry can be restored after inflation for such decay constants. We also comment on the recent possible NANOgrav signal in light of our results.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Nambu-Goldstone emissions from the cosmological evolution of global monopoles
First quantitative lattice measurement of NG boson emission from global monopoles: the spectrum peaks at the Hubble scale, the number density grows linearly with H, and the resulting pseudo-NG bosons can be dark matter.
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Cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA: II. Reconstruction of conventional signals over astrophysical foregrounds
When realistic astrophysical foregrounds are included, LISA can reconstruct the cosmic-string tension to 10% precision only for Gμ ≳ 10^{-11}, 10^5 times larger than foreground-free forecasts.
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Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
A hybrid cosmic string–domain wall model can fit the NANOGrav 15-year signal, and its high-frequency tail lies within LISA's projected reach, making the interpretation testable.
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Large-Scale Structure Probes of the Post-Inflationary Axiverse
HST ultraviolet luminosity function data at z=4-10, combined with Lyman-α and CMB data, place leading constraints on subdominant post-inflationary axion dark matter via its white-noise isocurvature perturbations.
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Cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA: I. Signal survey, template reconstruction, and model comparison
As provided, the manuscript body (random lasing) does not correspond to the abstract (cosmic string gravitational wave backgrounds at LISA), leaving the abstract's quantitative claims unsupported by any accessible text.
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Gravitational wave and dark matter from Axion-Higgs string
Lattice simulations show axion and axion-Higgs strings produce gravitational waves too weak for current pulsar timing arrays once dark matter overproduction is taken into account.
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