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WSM: Decay-Free Learning Rate Schedule via Checkpoint Merging for LLM Pre-training

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arxiv 2507.17634 v2 pith:IHQ3APXU submitted 2025-07-23 cs.CL cs.LG

WSM: Decay-Free Learning Rate Schedule via Checkpoint Merging for LLM Pre-training

classification cs.CL cs.LG
keywords decaymodelcheckpointlearningmergemergingperformancerate
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal T4 reserved
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Recent advances in learning rate (LR) scheduling have demonstrated the effectiveness of decay-free approaches that eliminate the traditional decay phase while maintaining competitive performance. Model merging techniques have emerged as particularly promising solutions in this domain. We present Warmup-Stable and Merge (WSM), a general framework that establishes a formal connection between learning rate decay and model merging. WSM provides a unified theoretical foundation for emulating various decay strategies-including cosine decay, linear decay and inverse square root decay-as principled model averaging schemes, while remaining fully compatible with diverse optimization methods. Through extensive experiments, we identify merge duration-the training window for checkpoint aggregation-as the most critical factor influencing model performance, surpassing the importance of both checkpoint interval and merge quantity. Our framework consistently outperforms the widely-adopted Warmup-Stable-Decay (WSD) approach across multiple benchmarks, achieving significant improvements of +3.5% on MATH, +2.9% on HumanEval, and +5.5% on MMLU-Pro. The performance advantages extend to supervised fine-tuning scenarios, highlighting WSM's potential for long-term model refinement.

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Forward citations

Cited by 7 Pith papers

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  2. WSqD: A Horizon-Free Learning Rate Schedule for Large Model Training

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  4. Predictable Scaling Laws of Optimal Hyperparameters for LLM Continued Pre-training

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    Optimal hyperparameters for LLM continued pre-training follow predictable scaling laws derived from proxy models, enabling a two-stage framework that predicts settings from compute budget and checkpoint state to reduc...

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  7. Model Merging in LLMs, MLLMs, and Beyond: Methods, Theories, Applications and Opportunities

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