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Species and Strings
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Species and Strings
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Based on well-known properties of semi-classical black holes, we show that weakly-coupled string theory can be viewed as a theory of N = 1/g_s^2 particle species. This statement is a string theoretic realization of the fact that the fundamental scale in any consistent D-dimensional theory of gravity is not the Planck length l_D, but rather the species scale L_N = N^1/(D-2) l_D. Using this fact, we derive the bound on semi-classical black hole entropy in any consistent theory of gravity as S > N, which when applied to string theory provides additional evidence for the former relation. This counting also shows that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy can be viewed as the entanglement entropy, without encountering any puzzle of species. We demonstrate that the counting of species extends to the M-theory limit. The role of the species scale is now played by the eleven-dimensional Planck length, beyond which resolution of distances is gravitationally-impossible. The conclusion is, that string theory is a theory of species and gets replaced by a pure gravitational theory in the limit when species become strongly coupled and decouple.
Forward citations
Cited by 12 Pith papers
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Taxonomy of Instanton Corrections in Infinite Distance Limits
The Schwinger integral over light towers captures precisely the instantons with actions in the window (Λ_sp/M_light)^{-1} ≤ S_inst ≤ Λ_sp/M_light, as verified in eight- and seven-dimensional toroidal compactifications.
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Optimal paths across potentials on scalar field space
Optimal transport yields a generalized Wasserstein distance on field space, obtained from a WKB expansion of a Schrödinger equation and extended to dynamical gravity via the Wheeler-DeWitt equation in the ADM formalism.
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The CFT Distance Conjecture and Tensionless String Limits in $\mathcal N=2$ Quiver Gauge Theories
In N=2 SU quiver theories the large-N Hagedorn temperature depends only on quiver length for linear cases and equals that of N=4 SYM for holographic quivers, with a universal lower bound of 1/sqrt(2) on the exponentia...
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Kaluza-Klein tower thresholds and scheme dependence of the species scale
Leading KK-tower local corrections to four-derivative gravity are regulator-dependent EFT matching data, while log N terms are universal within proper-time cutoffs, so species-scale definitions match only parametrically.
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Black Hole Memory Burden and its Signatures in Gravitational Waves from Mergers
Swift memory burden shifts black-hole quasinormal-mode frequencies by an amount set by the memory-load parameter μ and critical exponent p, with μ able to exceed the progenitor's information content.
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Non-invertible symmetries in the axiverse, and the imaginary wormholes
Imaginary wormholes and the IDB imply that towers of BPS EFT instantons generate infinitely many superpotential terms that break non-invertible axion shift symmetries in N=1 axiverse models.
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Stochastic Survival near Swampland Boundaries
A stochastic survival framework maps swampland control data to conditioned drifts for moduli histories near boundaries via the Doob transform, yielding a universal inward wall response near regular hard boundaries.
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EFTs with Symmetric Moduli Spaces: the Landscape and the Swampland
Using weight polytopes of irreducible representations, a finite list of symmetric moduli spaces satisfies the SDC decay rates; most embed from an E8(8) EFT but three cannot be obtained from string or M-theory compacti...
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Taxonomy of Instanton Corrections in Infinite Distance Limits
The Schwinger integral over light towers captures precisely those instantons with actions in the window (Λ_sp/M_light)^{-1} ≤ S_inst ≤ Λ_sp/M_light.
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How to deal with conformal and pure scale-invariant theories of gravity in d dimensions?
Conformal and scale-invariant gravity theories in d dimensions have distinct properties from 4D analogues, enabled by a new formulation method.
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Non-invertible symmetries in the axiverse, and the imaginary wormholes
Identifies invertible and non-invertible generalized symmetries in axiverse EFTs and argues that wormholes break non-invertible axion symmetries via the Imaginary Distance Bound, implying a distinguished role for towe...
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String theory in the infrared
Worldsheet analysis shows that string theory effective theories obey UV/IR scaling relations between Wilson coefficients and vacuum energy, producing holographic bounds invisible to standard effective field theory.
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