pith. sign in

arxiv: 2512.19053 · v2 · pith:KTUT2BE7new · submitted 2025-12-22 · 🌀 gr-qc · hep-ph· physics.atom-ph· quant-ph

Quantum sensing of high-frequency gravitational waves with ion crystals

Asuka Ito , Ryuichiro Kitano , Wakutaka Nakano , Ryoto Takai This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-21 17:35 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌀 gr-qc hep-phphysics.atom-phquant-ph
keywords gravitational wave detectionion crystalsquantum sensingdrumhead modesspin squeezingentanglementoptical dipole forcehigh-frequency gravitational waves
0
0 comments X

The pith

Two-dimensional ion crystals detect high-frequency gravitational waves by entangling drumhead modes with collective spins to exceed the standard quantum limit.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper explores using two-dimensional ion crystals as sensors for gravitational waves at high frequencies between 10 kHz and 10 MHz. Gravitational waves resonantly excite the drumhead modes of the crystal, especially the parity-odd modes. Through an optical dipole force protocol, these excitations become entangled with the collective spins of the ions, transferring the signal into measurable rotations of the total spin. This process also creates squeezed spin states that allow sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit, with performance improving as the crystal size and ion number increase.

Core claim

Gravitational waves resonantly excite the drumhead modes of two-dimensional ion crystals. The optical dipole force protocol entangles these modes with the collective spins, transferring the mode excitations to rotations of the total spin. This entanglement generates a squeezed spin state, enabling gravitational wave detection beyond the standard quantum limit, with sensitivity improving for larger crystals and more ions.

What carries the argument

The optical dipole force protocol that entangles drumhead modes with collective ion spins to transfer excitations and generate squeezing.

If this is right

  • Gravitational wave detection becomes possible beyond the standard quantum limit using squeezed spin states.
  • The sensitivity improves with larger ion crystals and a larger number of ions.
  • Such detectors could target the 10 kHz to 10 MHz frequency region effectively.
  • Future realization of large ion crystals would significantly enhance sensitivity to high-frequency gravitational waves.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • This method could complement existing lower-frequency detectors to cover a wider range of gravitational wave sources.
  • It might enable searches for high-frequency signals from astrophysical events or early-universe phenomena not accessible otherwise.
  • Integration with other quantum control techniques could further enhance the entanglement and squeezing achievable in the system.

Load-bearing premise

The optical dipole force protocol can transfer drumhead mode excitations to collective spin rotations and generate squeezing without decoherence or noise dominating the signal.

What would settle it

A laboratory experiment applying simulated high-frequency gravitational wave strains to an ion crystal and failing to observe the predicted spin rotation or squeezing would falsify the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2512.19053 by Asuka Ito, Ryoto Takai, Ryuichiro Kitano, Wakutaka Nakano.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Schematic illustration of the Ramsey-type experimental sequence for the detection [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Sensitivities to the amplitude of gravitational waves, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p012_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Sensitivities to the noise-equivalent spectral density of gravitational waves, [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p013_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

A detection method for high-frequency gravitational waves using two-dimensional ion crystals is investigated. Gravitational waves can resonantly excite the drumhead modes of the ion crystal, particularly the parity-odd modes. In the optical dipole force protocol, entanglement between the drumhead modes and the collective spins transfers the excitation of the drumhead modes to the rotation of the total spin. Furthermore, gravitational wave detection beyond the standard quantum limit becomes possible as a squeezed spin state is generated through this entanglement. The sensitivity gets better with a larger ions crystals as well as a larger number of the ions. Future realization of large ion crystals can significantly improve the sensitivity to gravitational waves in the 10 kHz to 10 MHz region.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript proposes a detection scheme for high-frequency gravitational waves (10 kHz–10 MHz) that uses resonant excitation of parity-odd drumhead modes in two-dimensional ion crystals. An optical dipole force protocol is invoked to transfer these excitations into collective spin rotations, thereby generating a squeezed spin state that enables strain sensitivity beyond the standard quantum limit. The sensitivity is stated to improve with both crystal size and ion number N.

Significance. If the mapping from drumhead motion to spin squeezing can be shown to yield a net gain after realistic decoherence and transfer losses, the approach would provide a scalable, table-top platform for a frequency band inaccessible to laser interferometers. The N-scaling argument is a standard feature of quantum-enhanced metrology and, if quantitatively supported, would constitute a concrete advantage over single-ion or classical sensors.

major comments (1)
  1. Abstract: the assertion that 'gravitational wave detection beyond the standard quantum limit becomes possible' is load-bearing for the central claim, yet no Hamiltonian for the optical-dipole-force interaction, no expression for the effective squeezing parameter as a function of N or coupling strength, and no error budget comparing the reduced spin variance to GW-induced displacement amplitude or to laser-intensity and motional-heating noise are supplied. Without these elements the beyond-SQL statement does not follow from the described protocol.
minor comments (1)
  1. The phrase 'larger ions crystals' in the abstract is a typographical error and should read 'larger ion crystals'.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading of our manuscript and the constructive comments. We address the major comment below and will revise the manuscript to strengthen the justification for the central claims.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract: the assertion that 'gravitational wave detection beyond the standard quantum limit becomes possible' is load-bearing for the central claim, yet no Hamiltonian for the optical-dipole-force interaction, no expression for the effective squeezing parameter as a function of N or coupling strength, and no error budget comparing the reduced spin variance to GW-induced displacement amplitude or to laser-intensity and motional-heating noise are supplied. Without these elements the beyond-SQL statement does not follow from the described protocol.

    Authors: We agree that the beyond-SQL claim in the abstract requires explicit theoretical support to be fully substantiated. In the revised manuscript we will add the Hamiltonian for the optical-dipole-force interaction that couples the drumhead modes to the collective spin. We will also derive and display the effective squeezing parameter, including its scaling with ion number N and coupling strength. In addition, we will include a quantitative error budget that compares the reduced spin variance to the gravitational-wave-induced displacement amplitude while incorporating laser-intensity noise and motional-heating effects. These additions will make the protocol-to-sensitivity connection transparent and rigorous. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: proposal uses standard ion-trap and quantum-optics mappings without self-referential definitions or fitted predictions

full rationale

The manuscript proposes resonant GW excitation of drumhead modes mapped via optical dipole force to collective spin rotations and squeezing. All sensitivity claims (improvement with crystal size and ion number N, beyond-SQL performance) are presented as consequences of the entanglement protocol rather than inputs used to define the protocol itself. No parameter is fitted to a subset of data and then relabeled as a prediction; no uniqueness theorem or ansatz is imported solely via self-citation; the derivation chain remains externally grounded in established ion-trapping Hamiltonians and spin-squeezing literature. The central claim therefore does not reduce to its own outputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The proposal relies on standard quantum mechanics and ion-trapping assumptions without introducing new fitted parameters or postulated entities.

axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Resonant coupling between gravitational waves and ion-crystal drumhead modes occurs as described by linear response theory.
    Invoked in the statement that GWs can resonantly excite the modes.
  • domain assumption Optical dipole forces can generate entanglement between vibrational modes and collective spins without prohibitive decoherence.
    Central to the transfer and squeezing mechanism.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5656 in / 1075 out tokens · 57000 ms · 2026-05-21T17:35:08.785726+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Super-Heisenberg protocol for dark matter and high-frequency gravitational wave search

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    A protocol using squeezed states in 2D ion crystals in a Penning trap achieves super-Heisenberg sensitivity for axion-like particles, dark photons, and high-frequency gravitational waves while accounting for decoherence.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

68 extracted references · 68 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper · 17 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    W. A. Fowler and F. Hoyle,Neutrino Processes and Pair Formation in Massive Stars and Supernovae,Astrophys. J. Suppl.9(1964) 201

    work page 1964

  2. [2]

    Barkat, G

    Z. Barkat, G. Rakavy and N. Sack,Dynamics of Supernova Explosion Resulting from Pair Formation,Phys. Rev. Lett.18(1967) 379

    work page 1967

  3. [3]

    S. E. Woosley and A. Heger,The Pair-Instability Mass Gap for Black Holes, Astrophys. J. Lett.912(2021) L31 [2103.07933]

    work page arXiv 2021

  4. [4]

    Primordial Black Hole Scenario for the Gravitational-Wave Event GW150914

    M. Sasaki, T. Suyama, T. Tanaka and S. Yokoyama,Primordial Black Hole Scenario for the Gravitational-Wave Event GW150914,Phys. Rev. Lett.117(2016) 061101 [1603.08338]. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.Lett. 121, 059901 (2018)]. [11]NANOGravcollaboration,The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Evidence for a Gravitational-wave Background,Astrophys. J. Lett.951(2023) L8 [2306.16213...

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  5. [5]

    H. Xu, S. Chen, Y. Guo, J. Jiang, B. Wang, J. Xu et al.,Searching for the Nano-Hertz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background with the Chinese Pulsar Timing Array Data Release I,Res. Astron. Astrophys.23(2023) 075024 [2306.16216]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  6. [6]

    D. J. Reardon, A. Zic, R. M. Shannon, G. B. Hobbs, M. Bailes, V. Di Marco et al., Search for an Isotropic Gravitational-wave Background with the Parkes Pulsar Timing Array,Astrophys. J. Lett.951(2023) L6 [2306.16215]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2023

  7. [7]

    Ellis, M

    J. Ellis, M. Fairbairn, G. H¨ utsi, J. Raidal, J. Urrutia, V. Vaskonen et al.,Gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries in light of the NANOGrav 15-year data, Phys. Rev. D109(2024) L021302 [2306.17021]

    work page arXiv 2024

  8. [8]

    Ellis and M

    J. Ellis and M. Lewicki,Cosmic String Interpretation of NANOGrav Pulsar Timing Data,Phys. Rev. Lett.126(2021) 041304 [2009.06555]

    work page arXiv 2021

  9. [9]

    Gravitational waves: Classification, Methods of detection, Sensitivities, and Sources

    K. Kuroda, W.-T. Ni and W.-P. Pan,Gravitational waves: Classification, Methods of detection, Sensitivities, and Sources,Int. J. Mod. Phys. D24(2015) 1530031 [1511.00231]. 25

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2015

  10. [10]

    Aggarwal, O

    N. Aggarwal, O. D. Aguiar, D. Blas, A. Bauswein, G. Cella, S. Clesse et al.,Challenges and Opportunities of Gravitational Wave Searches above 10 kHz,2501.11723

    work page arXiv

  11. [11]

    A. Ito, T. Ikeda, K. Miuchi and J. Soda,Probing GHz gravitational waves with graviton-magnon resonance,Eur. Phys. J. C80(2020) 179 [1903.04843]

    work page arXiv 2020

  12. [12]

    Ito and J

    A. Ito and J. Soda,A formalism for magnon gravitational wave detectors,Eur. Phys. J. C80(2020) 545 [2004.04646]

    work page arXiv 2020

  13. [13]

    Ejlli, D

    A. Ejlli, D. Ejlli, A. M. Cruise, G. Pisano and H. Grote,Upper limits on the amplitude of ultra-high-frequency gravitational waves from graviton to photon conversion,Eur. Phys. J. C79(2019) 1032 [1908.00232]

    work page arXiv 2019

  14. [14]

    Berlin, D

    A. Berlin, D. Blas, R. Tito D’Agnolo, S. A. R. Ellis, R. Harnik, Y. Kahn et al., Detecting high-frequency gravitational waves with microwave cavities,Phys. Rev. D 105(2022) 116011 [2112.11465]

    work page arXiv 2022

  15. [15]

    Domcke, C

    V. Domcke, C. Garcia-Cely and N. L. Rodd,Novel Search for High-Frequency Gravitational Waves with Low-Mass Axion Haloscopes,Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022) 041101 [2202.00695]

    work page arXiv 2022

  16. [16]

    M. E. Tobar, C. A. Thomson, W. M. Campbell, A. Quiskamp, J. F. Bourhill, B. T. McAllister et al.,Comparing Instrument Spectral Sensitivity of Dissimilar Electromagnetic Haloscopes to Axion Dark Matter and High Frequency Gravitational Waves,Symmetry14(2022) 2165 [2209.03004]

    work page arXiv 2022

  17. [17]

    Berlin, D

    A. Berlin, D. Blas, R. Tito D’Agnolo, S. A. R. Ellis, R. Harnik, Y. Kahn et al., Electromagnetic cavities as mechanical bars for gravitational waves,Phys. Rev. D108 (2023) 084058 [2303.01518]

    work page arXiv 2023

  18. [18]

    Ito and J

    A. Ito and J. Soda,Exploring high-frequency gravitational waves with magnons,Eur. Phys. J. C83(2023) 766 [2212.04094]

    work page arXiv 2023

  19. [19]

    M. S. Pshirkov and D. Baskaran,Limits on High-Frequency Gravitational Wave Background from its interplay with Large Scale Magnetic Fields,Phys. Rev. D80 (2009) 042002 [0903.4160]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  20. [20]

    A. D. Dolgov and D. Ejlli,Conversion of relic gravitational waves into photons in cosmological magnetic fields,JCAP12(2012) 003 [1211.0500]. 26

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  21. [21]

    Domcke and C

    V. Domcke and C. Garcia-Cely,Potential of radio telescopes as high-frequency gravitational wave detectors,Phys. Rev. Lett.126(2021) 021104 [2006.01161]

    work page arXiv 2021

  22. [22]

    Ramazanov, R

    S. Ramazanov, R. Samanta, G. Trenkler and F. R. Urban,Shimmering gravitons in the gamma-ray sky,JCAP06(2023) 019 [2304.11222]

    work page arXiv 2023

  23. [23]

    A. Ito, K. Kohri and K. Nakayama,Probing high frequency gravitational waves with pulsars,Phys. Rev. D109(2024) 063026 [2305.13984]

    work page arXiv 2024

  24. [24]

    Probing high-frequency gravitational waves with entangled vibrational qubits in linear Paul traps

    R. Takai,Probing high-frequency gravitational waves with entangled vibrational qubits in linear Paul traps,2509.22475

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  25. [25]

    Ito and R

    A. Ito and R. Kitano,Macroscopic quantum response to gravitational waves,JCAP04 (2024) 068 [2309.02992]

    work page arXiv 2024

  26. [26]

    A. Ito, K. Kohri and K. Nakayama,Gravitational Wave Search through Electromagnetic Telescopes,PTEP2024(2024) 023E03 [2309.14765]

    work page arXiv 2024

  27. [27]

    Matsuo and A

    H. Matsuo and A. Ito,Graviton-photon conversion in blazar jets as a probe of high-frequency gravitational waves,JCAP10(2025) 061 [2505.08457]

    work page arXiv 2025

  28. [28]

    K. A. Gilmore, J. G. Bohnet, B. C. Sawyer, J. W. Britton and J. J. Bollinger, Amplitude Sensing below the Zero-Point Fluctuations with a Two-Dimensional Trapped-Ion Mechanical Oscillator,Phys. Rev. Lett.118(2017) 263602 [1703.05369]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  29. [29]

    Affolter, K

    M. Affolter, K. A. Gilmore, J. E. Jordan and J. J. Bollinger,Phase-coherent sensing of the center-of-mass motion of trapped-ion crystals,Phys. Rev. A102(2020) 052609 [2008.00035]

    work page arXiv 2020

  30. [30]

    Advances in Quantum Metrology

    V. Giovannetti, S. Lloyd and L. Maccone,Advances in quantum metrology,Nature Photon.5(2011) 222 [1102.2318]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  31. [31]

    Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles

    L. Pezz` e, A. Smerzi, M. K. Oberthaler, R. Schmied and P. Treutlein,Quantum metrology with nonclassical states of atomic ensembles,Rev. Mod. Phys.90(2018) 035005 [1609.01609]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  32. [32]

    K. A. Gilmore, M. Affolter, R. J. Lewis-Swan, D. Barberena, E. Jordan, A. M. Rey et al.,Quantum-enhanced sensing of displacements and electric fields with two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals,Science373(2021) 673 [2103.08690]. 27

    work page arXiv 2021

  33. [33]

    X. Fan, G. Gabrielse, P. W. Graham, R. Harnik, T. G. Myers, H. Ramani et al., One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron as a Milli-eV Dark-Photon Detector,Phys. Rev. Lett.129(2022) 261801 [2208.06519]

    work page arXiv 2022

  34. [34]

    S. Chen, H. Fukuda, T. Inada, T. Moroi, T. Nitta and T. Sichanugrist,Detecting Hidden Photon Dark Matter Using the Direct Excitation of Transmon Qubits,Phys. Rev. Lett.131(2023) 211001 [2212.03884]

    work page arXiv 2023

  35. [35]

    G. Afek, D. Carney and D. C. Moore,Coherent Scattering of Low Mass Dark Matter from Optically Trapped Sensors,Phys. Rev. Lett.128(2022) 101301 [2111.03597]

    work page arXiv 2022

  36. [36]

    Carney, H

    D. Carney, H. H¨ affner, D. C. Moore and J. M. Taylor,Trapped Electrons and Ions as Particle Detectors,Phys. Rev. Lett.127(2021) 061804 [2104.05737]

    work page arXiv 2021

  37. [37]

    Budker, P

    D. Budker, P. W. Graham, H. Ramani, F. Schmidt-Kaler, C. Smorra and S. Ulmer, Millicharged Dark Matter Detection with Ion Traps,PRX Quantum3(2022) 010330 [2108.05283]

    work page arXiv 2022

  38. [38]

    Berlin, S

    A. Berlin, S. Belomestnykh, D. Blas, D. Frolov, A. J. Brady, C. Braggio et al.,Searches for New Particles, Dark Matter, and Gravitational Waves with SRF Cavities, 2203.12714

    work page arXiv

  39. [39]

    A. J. Brady, C. Gao, R. Harnik, Z. Liu, Z. Zhang and Q. Zhuang,Entangled Sensor-Networks for Dark-Matter Searches,PRX Quantum3(2022) 030333 [2203.05375]

    work page arXiv 2022

  40. [40]

    A. J. Brady, X. Chen, Y. Xia, J. Manley, M. Dey Chowdhury, K. Xiao et al., Entanglement-enhanced optomechanical sensor array with application to dark matter searches,Commun. Phys.6(2023) 237 [2210.07291]

    work page arXiv 2023

  41. [41]

    Shi and Q

    H. Shi and Q. Zhuang,Ultimate precision limit of noise sensing and dark matter search,npj Quantum Inf.9(2023) 27 [2208.13712]

    work page arXiv 2023

  42. [42]

    A. O. Sushkov,Quantum Science and the Search for Axion Dark Matter,PRX Quantum4(2023) 020101 [2304.11797]

    work page arXiv 2023

  43. [43]

    Ikeda, A

    T. Ikeda, A. Ito, K. Miuchi, J. Soda, H. Kurashige and Y. Shikano,Axion search with quantum nondemolition detection of magnons,Phys. Rev. D105(2022) 102004 [2102.08764]. 28

    work page arXiv 2022

  44. [44]

    Chigusa, M

    S. Chigusa, M. Hazumi, E. D. Herbschleb, N. Mizuochi and K. Nakayama,Light dark matter search with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamonds,JHEP03(2025) 083 [2302.12756]

    work page arXiv 2025

  45. [45]

    Chigusa, D

    S. Chigusa, D. Kondo, H. Murayama, R. Okabe and H. Sudo,Axion detection via superfluid 3He ferromagnetic phase and quantum measurement techniques,JHEP09 (2024) 191 [2309.09160]

    work page arXiv 2024

  46. [46]

    S. Chen, H. Fukuda, T. Inada, T. Moroi, T. Nitta and T. Sichanugrist,Quantum Enhancement in Dark Matter Detection with Quantum Computation,Phys. Rev. Lett. 133(2024) 021801 [2311.10413]

    work page arXiv 2024

  47. [47]

    A. Ito, R. Kitano, W. Nakano and R. Takai,Quantum entanglement of ions for light dark matter detection,JHEP02(2024) 124 [2311.11632]

    work page arXiv 2024

  48. [48]

    S. Chen, H. Fukuda, T. Inada, T. Moroi, T. Nitta and T. Sichanugrist,Search for QCD axion dark matter with transmon qubits and quantum circuit,Phys. Rev. D110(2024) 115021 [2407.19755]

    work page arXiv 2024

  49. [49]

    J. Shu, B. Xu and Y. Xu,Eliminating Incoherent Noise: A Coherent Quantum Approach in Multi-Sensor Dark Matter Detection,2410.22413

    work page arXiv

  50. [50]

    S. He, D. He, Y. Li, L. Gao, X. Feng, H. Zheng et al.,Sensitively searching for microwave dark photons with atomic ensembles,Phys. Rev. D112(2025) 063536 [2412.00786]

    work page arXiv 2025

  51. [51]

    J. W. Britton, B. C. Sawyer, A. C. Keith, C.-C. J. Wang, J. K. Freericks, H. Uys et al., Engineered two-dimensional Ising interactions in a trapped-ion quantum simulator with hundreds of spins,Nature484(2012) 489 [1204.5789]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  52. [52]

    B. C. Sawyer, J. W. Britton, A. C. Keith, C.-C. J. Wang, J. K. Freericks, H. Uys et al., Spectroscopy and Thermometry of Drumhead Modes in a Mesoscopic Trapped-Ion Crystal Using Entanglement,Phys. Rev. Lett.108(2012) 213003 [1201.4415]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  53. [53]

    Leibfried, B

    D. Leibfried, B. DeMarco, V. Meyer, D. Lucas, M. Barrett, J. Britton et al., Experimental demonstration of a robust, high-fidelity geometric two ion-qubit phase gate,Nature422(2003) 412

    work page 2003

  54. [54]

    Huang, J

    X.-P. Huang, J. J. Bollinger, T. B. Mitchell and W. M. Itano,Phase-locked rotation of crystallized non-neutral plasmas by rotating electric fields,Phys. Rev. Lett.80(1998) 73. 29

    work page 1998

  55. [55]

    Huang, J

    X.-P. Huang, J. J. Bollinger, T. B. Mitchell, W. M. Itano and D. H. E. Dubin,Precise control of the global rotation of strongly coupled ion plasmas in a penning trap,Phys. Plasmas5(1998) 1656

    work page 1998

  56. [56]

    Quantum Manipulation of Trapped Ions in Two Dimensional Coulomb Crystals

    D. Porras and J. I. Cirac,Quantum manipulation of trapped ions in two dimensional Coulomb crystals,Phys. Rev. Lett.96(2006) 250501 [quant-ph/0601148]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2006

  57. [57]

    M. J. Biercuk, H. Uys, A. P. VanDevender, N. Shiga, W. M. Itano and J. J. Bollinger, Optimized dynamical decoupling in a model quantum memory,Nature458(2009) 996 [0812.5095]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  58. [58]

    A. M. Polloreno, A. M. Rey and J. J. Bollinger,Individual qubit addressing of rotating ion crystals in a Penning trap,Phys. Rev. Res.4(2022) 033076 [2203.05196]

    work page arXiv 2022

  59. [59]

    R. J. Lewis-Swan, D. Barberena, J. A. Muniz, J. R. Cline, D. Young, J. K. Thompson et al.,Protocol for precise field sensing in the optical domain with cold atoms in a cavity,Phys. Rev. Lett.124(2020) 193602

    work page 2020

  60. [60]

    Hosten, R

    O. Hosten, R. Krishnakumar, N. J. Engelsen and M. A. Kasevich,Quantum phase magnification,Science352(2016) 1552 [1601.07683]

    work page arXiv 2016

  61. [61]

    Near ground-state cooling of two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals with more than 100 ions

    E. Jordan, K. A. Gilmore, A. Shankar, A. Safavi-Naini, J. G. Bohnet, M. J. Holland et al.,Near ground-state cooling of two-dimensional trapped-ion crystals with more than 100 ions,Phys. Rev. Lett.122(2019) 053603 [1809.06346]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019

  62. [62]

    F. K. Manasse and C. W. Misner,Fermi Normal Coordinates and Some Basic Concepts in Differential Geometry,J. Math. Phys.4(1963) 735

    work page 1963

  63. [63]

    Ni and M

    W.-T. Ni and M. Zimmermann,Inertial and gravitational effects in the proper reference frame of an accelerated, rotating observer,Phys. Rev. D17(1978) 1473

    work page 1978

  64. [64]

    Ito,Inertial and gravitational effects on a geonium atom,Class

    A. Ito,Inertial and gravitational effects on a geonium atom,Class. Quant. Grav.38 (2021) 195015 [2011.11217]. [73]Holometercollaboration,MHz Gravitational Wave Constraints with Decameter Michelson Interferometers,Phys. Rev. D95(2017) 063002 [1611.05560]

    work page arXiv 2021

  65. [65]

    Goryachev and M

    M. Goryachev and M. E. Tobar,Gravitational Wave Detection with High Frequency Phonon Trapping Acoustic Cavities,Phys. Rev. D90(2014) 102005 [1410.2334]. [Erratum: Phys.Rev.D 108, 129901 (2023)]. 30

    work page arXiv 2014

  66. [66]

    M. L. Wall, A. Safavi-Naini and A. M. Rey,Boson-mediated quantum spin simulators in transverse fields: XY model and spin-boson entanglement,Phys. Rev. A95(2017) 013602 [1610.09699]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  67. [67]

    Ratzinger, S

    W. Ratzinger, S. Schenk and P. Schwaller,A coordinate-independent formalism for detecting high-frequency gravitational waves,JHEP08(2024) 195 [2404.08572]

    work page arXiv 2024

  68. [68]

    Solutions to Axion Electrodynamics in Various Geometries

    J. Ouellet and Z. Bogorad,Solutions to Axion Electrodynamics in Various Geometries, Phys. Rev. D99(2019) 055010 [1809.10709]. 31

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2019