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How Far Have We Gone in Vulnerability Detection Using Large Language Models

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arxiv 2311.12420 v3 pith:LHUY7QBL submitted 2023-11-21 cs.AI cs.CLcs.CR

classification cs.AIcs.CLcs.CR
keywords vulnerabilitydetectionllmsmodelsbenchmarkdeeplanguagelarge
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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As software becomes increasingly complex and prone to vulnerabilities, automated vulnerability detection is critically important, yet challenging. Given the significant successes of large language models (LLMs) in various tasks, there is growing anticipation of their efficacy in vulnerability detection. However, a quantitative understanding of their potential in vulnerability detection is still missing. To bridge this gap, we introduce a comprehensive vulnerability benchmark VulBench. This benchmark aggregates high-quality data from a wide range of CTF (Capture-the-Flag) challenges and real-world applications, with annotations for each vulnerable function detailing the vulnerability type and its root cause. Through our experiments encompassing 16 LLMs and 6 state-of-the-art (SOTA) deep learning-based models and static analyzers, we find that several LLMs outperform traditional deep learning approaches in vulnerability detection, revealing an untapped potential in LLMs. This work contributes to the understanding and utilization of LLMs for enhanced software security.

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Cited by 7 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Direction for Detection: A Survey of Automated Vulnerability Detection and all of its Pain Points

    cs.SE 2024-12 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

    ML4AVD research remains locked into binary function-level classification of C/C++ vulnerabilities because twelve pain points in the pipeline reinforce each other through feedback loops.

  2. Words Speak Louder Than Code: Investigating Cognitive Heuristics in LLM-Based Code Vulnerability Detection

    cs.CR 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    LLMs for code vulnerability detection show average susceptibility of 33.2% to framing, 23.5% to anchoring, and 18.4% to halo effects, with a black-box attack suppressing up to 97% of detections.

  3. OASIF: An Efficient Obfuscation-Aware Self-Improving Framework for LLM-Based Assembly Code Instruction Following and Comprehension

    cs.SE 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    OASIF improves open-source LLMs on obfuscated assembly comprehension by 5-17 percentage points on commercial VM obfuscators via a three-phase self-evolving training pipeline.

  4. Calibration Without Comprehension: Diagnosing the Limits of Fine-Tuning LLMs for Vulnerability Detection in Systems Software

    cs.CR 2026-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    A curated temporal-split benchmark shows LLMs achieve at most 52.1% vulnerability detection accuracy after fine-tuning because backbone directional biases resist correction and contamination provides no benefit.

  5. Three Heads Are Better Than One: A Multi-perspective Reasoning Framework for Enhanced Vulnerability Detection

    cs.SE 2026-05 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    ReasonVul deploys three LLM agents with independent analysis and structured debate to achieve 40% PairAcc and 72.52% F1 on PrimeVul, outperforming baselines by 81% in PairAcc.

  6. QuiLL: An LLM-Based Vulnerability Assessment Framework for the Wild

    cs.CR 2025-10 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

    QuiLL is a new evaluation pipeline that uses optimized LLM prompts, dynamic in-context learning from an NVD vector store, and a novel accuracy-plus-reasoning metric to benchmark vulnerability detection in real code.

  7. XekRung Technical Report

    cs.CR 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

    XekRung achieves state-of-the-art performance on cybersecurity benchmarks among same-scale models via tailored data synthesis and multi-stage training while retaining strong general capabilities.

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