pith. sign in

arxiv: 2607.00408 · v1 · pith:N7HYR3RLnew · submitted 2026-07-01 · 🌌 astro-ph.GA

Exploring the synergies of [O\,II]λ 3727 with MUSE spectroscopy in PHANGS H II regions

Eric Habjan , Kathryn Kreckel , Christopher Faesi , Francesco Belfiore , Brent Groves , J. Eduardo M\'endez-Delgado , Ryan J. Vaught , Laurie Rousseau-Nepton
show 9 more authors
F. Fabi\'an Rosales-Ortega Hsi-An Pan Daniel A. Dale Thomas G. Williams Ralf S. Klessen Oleg V. Egorov Timo Kravtsov Amirnezam Amiri Kathryn Grasha
This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-07-02 09:37 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🌌 astro-ph.GA
keywords strong-line metallicity calibrationsH II regionsionization parameter diagnosticsradial metallicity gradients[O II] emissionMUSE spectroscopygalaxy chemical enrichmentemission-line catalogs
0
0 comments X

The pith

Combining SITELLE [O II] observations with MUSE spectra produces a catalog of 604 nebulae where many strong-line metallicity calibrations show radial gradient scatter below 0.04 dex.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper merges [O II] doublet measurements from SITELLE with longer-wavelength lines from MUSE to build one uniform set of fluxes for ionized regions across five nearby spiral galaxies. It then applies eight existing strong-line metallicity calibrations plus five new ones to the same objects and checks ionization diagnostics. A reader would care because gas-phase metallicity maps are central to tracing how galaxies enrich their gas over time, yet different line-ratio methods often disagree by large amounts. The work recovers the expected offsets between calibrations while showing that many produce nearly identical radial trends, and it identifies [S III]/[S II] as an ionization indicator with little extra dependence on metallicity or dust.

Core claim

Joining the two datasets yields a homogeneous catalog for 604 ionized nebulae in which known systematic offsets among calibrations appear but many calibrations nevertheless display radial metallicity gradient scatter of only 0.03-0.04 dex; [S III]/[S II] shows minimal secondary dependence on metallicity or extinction and therefore may trace ionization parameter more cleanly than [O III]/[O II]; and no significant outliers appear in O/H or N/O ratios inside the inner disks sampled.

What carries the argument

The homogeneous catalog of emission-line fluxes obtained by combining SITELLE [O II] measurements with MUSE spectroscopy on the same H II regions, which permits side-by-side testing of calibrations and diagnostics.

If this is right

  • Many of the tested strong-line calibrations can be treated as interchangeable for determining the shape of radial metallicity gradients.
  • [S III]/[S II] can be adopted as a preferred ionization-parameter tracer because it carries less secondary dependence than [O III]/[O II].
  • The inner-disk H II regions exhibit internally consistent O/H and N/O abundance patterns with no obvious outliers.
  • The released catalog of line fluxes can be used directly for future temperature-based abundance work or refined calibration tests.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • If the low scatter in gradients is confirmed in additional galaxies, calibration differences may be largely zero-point offsets rather than changes in slope.
  • The same combined dataset could be used to test whether the reported consistency in abundances holds at larger galactocentric radii or in galaxies with different star-formation rates.
  • Temperature-sensitive lines not covered here could be added later to convert the strong-line results into absolute abundances and check the calibrations against direct methods.

Load-bearing premise

That the [O II] fluxes measured by SITELLE can be added to the MUSE line fluxes without introducing sizable systematic offsets from differences in calibration, aperture, or extinction correction.

What would settle it

A direct comparison that finds metallicity gradients derived from the combined catalog differ by more than 0.1 dex from gradients derived from MUSE lines alone, or that shows [S III]/[S II] varying strongly with extinction after the paper's corrections are applied.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2607.00408 by Amirnezam Amiri, Brent Groves, Christopher Faesi, Daniel A. Dale, Eric Habjan, F. Fabi\'an Rosales-Ortega, Francesco Belfiore, Hsi-An Pan, J. Eduardo M\'endez-Delgado, Kathryn Grasha, Kathryn Kreckel, Laurie Rousseau-Nepton, Oleg V. Egorov, Ralf S. Klessen, Ryan J. Vaught, Thomas G. Williams, Timo Kravtsov.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: — The NGC 628 H ii region mask obtained from the Neb￾ular Catalog (Groves et al. 2023) is overlaid in red on the [O ii] flux map. An [O ii] velocity map was created using SNR > 5 de￾tections of [O ii]. This velocity map was then extrapolated to the same dimensions as the MUSE image using a nearest-neighbor al￾gorithm. Using the velocity map, we found the redshifted [O ii] and extracted the integrated flux … view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: — Three examples of spectral fits of [O ii]λ3727 made with a ‘sincgauss’ template using the fit lines in spectrum method from the ORCS package (Martin et al. 2015). Each fit shown is from NGC 2835 with the actual observed spectrum in black, and fits for Region 22 in purple (SNR ∼50), Region 26 in red (SNR ∼12) and Region 137 in blue (SNR ∼3.5). Note that the wiggles in the model spectrum are expected due t… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: — A comparison of the two line ratios, [O iii]/[O ii] and [S iii]/[S ii], expected to trace changes in ionization parameter. H ii regions in each galaxy are indicated with a separate color (points). Photoionization models (solid lines; Kewley et al. 2019) at a range of metallicities predict a significantly tighter correlation, with the range of metallicities in the model unable to explain the scatter, and … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: — Metallicity gradients for NGC 628, NGC 2835 and NGC 3627 for a sample of the strong line metallicity calibrations. H ii regions are colored by their [S iii]/[S ii] values, and a linear fit is overplotted in black. The standard deviation about that fit (σ(O/H)) is shown in the top right corner and the slope of the fit is shown in the bottom left corner (∇(O/H)). Representative error bars shown just below.… view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: — Metallicity gradients for NGC 628, NGC 2835 and NGC 3627 for a sample of the strong line metallicity calibrations provided in RO26. H ii regions are colored by their [S iii]/[S ii] values, and a linear fit is overplotted in black. The standard deviation about that fit (σ(O/H)) is shown in the top right corner and the slope of the fit is shown in the bottom left corner (∇(O/H)). Representative error bars … view at source ↗
Figure 6
Figure 6. Figure 6: — N/O as a function of 12+log(O/H). Here, we constrain the metallicity using the PT05 [R23] calibration, as it is not reliant on an assumed N/O. Each galaxy is shown with a separate color. A secondary correlation with [S iii]/[S ii], where H ii regions with higher line ratios show higher metallicity at fixed radius, is apparent in D16 [N2S2] and hinted at in PG16 [Scal]. This is suggestive of a missing dep… view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: — Comparison of the Te -based MD23 calibration with six selected strong-line calibrations (top row) and five selected DESIRED strong-line calibrations (bottom row). Each panel shows the Spearman rank coefficient ρ and Pearson correlation coefficient r, which quantify monotonic and linear agreement, respectively; all correlations have p < 0.01. Grey dashed lines indicate one-to-one agreement, highlighting a… view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: — Each of the two line ratios, [O iii]/[O ii] and [S iii]/[S ii], as a function of R23 (left, a common metallicity diagnostic) and metallicity (right, using the MD23 Te [N ii] calibration). All points are further colored by E(B-V), as measured from the Balmer decrement. Photoionization model lines (Kewley et al. 2019) trace predicted values at constant ionization parameter (log U) [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures… view at source ↗
Figure 9
Figure 9. Figure 9: — [O ii]/Hβ as a function of [S ii]/Hα, comparing all H ii regions (black) with the 48 unclassified objects (red). Most exhibit high [S ii]/Hα, suggesting shock excitation, and about half overlap with known SNRs (Li et al. 2024). (Peimbert & Peimbert 2010). Therefore, localized O/H depressions should be interpreted cautiously and, where possible, compared against dust-sensitive quantities such as E(B-V), d… view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: — Comparison of extinction-corrected [O ii]λ3727 fluxes measured in this work with literature values from Rousseau-Nepton et al. (2018) for NGC 628 (left) and Rickards Vaught et al. (2024) for NGC 628, NGC 2835, and NGC 3627 (right). Points are colored by E(B − V ), and the solid line indicates one-to-one agreement [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p014_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: — 2D histograms showing a comparison of eight different metallicity calibrations (see text), as applied to 556 H ii regions. The intensity indicates the number of H ii regions in each bin. The 1-to-1 line is shown in each panel (dashed), to make both the correlations and the absolute offsets between calibrations easier to identify. For completeness, we also considered two additional calibrations that focu… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Spatially resolved maps of gas-phase metallicity provide key constraints on the chemical enrichment and mixing processes that drive galaxy evolution, but measurements based only on strong lines remain highly uncertain and dependent on emission-line coverage. In this work, we present a joint analysis of SITELLE observations, covering the $[O II]\lambda\lambda3726,3729$ doublet, with PHANGS-MUSE spectroscopy covering 4800-9300 Angstroms, including $H\beta$, $[O III]\lambda4959,5007$, $[N II]\lambda6584$, $H\alpha$, $[S II]\lambda\lambda6716,6731$, and $[S III]\lambda9069$, within five nearby spiral galaxies. By combining these data, we construct a homogeneous catalog of emission-line fluxes for 604 ionized nebulae, 556 of which are classified as H II regions. This enables a comparison of eight widely used strong-line metallicity calibrations, five new strong-line calibrations, and an investigation of ionization-parameter diagnostics. We recover known systematic offsets among calibrations, but also find that many exhibit very low scatter, less than 0.03-0.04 dex, in radial metallicity gradients. We find that $[S III]/[S II]$ exhibits minimal secondary dependence on metallicity or extinction, suggesting that it may be a more robust tracer of ionization parameter than $[O III]/[O II]$. No significant outliers are identified in O/H or N/O within the sampled regions, indicating internally consistent abundance trends across the inner disks probed by our data. We provide a publicly available catalog of all measured emission-line fluxes, designed to support future investigations, including temperature modeling and strong-line abundance calibrations.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 1 minor

Summary. The manuscript combines SITELLE observations of the [O II] λλ3726,3729 doublet with PHANGS-MUSE spectroscopy (covering Hβ, [O III], [N II], Hα, [S II], [S III]) across five nearby spiral galaxies. It constructs a homogeneous catalog of emission-line fluxes for 604 ionized nebulae (556 classified as H II regions), compares eight widely used strong-line metallicity calibrations plus five new ones, examines ionization-parameter diagnostics, and reports recovery of known offsets, low scatter (<0.03-0.04 dex) in radial metallicity gradients for many calibrations, minimal secondary dependence for [S III]/[S II], and no significant O/H or N/O outliers. A public catalog is provided.

Significance. If the combined dataset proves homogeneous, the public catalog represents a clear strength for reproducibility and future work on temperature-based abundances or refined calibrations. The reported low scatter in gradients and the comparative robustness of [S III]/[S II] versus [O III]/[O II] would be useful refinements to strong-line methods in resolved extragalactic H II regions.

major comments (2)
  1. [Catalog construction and data combination] The construction of the 'homogeneous catalog' of 604 nebulae (abstract) is load-bearing for every quantitative result on scatter, offsets, and diagnostic robustness, yet no quantitative cross-checks for SITELLE-MUSE [O II] flux offsets, aperture mismatches, or differential extinction are described. This directly affects the weakest assumption identified in the stress-test note.
  2. [Strong-line calibrations section] The five new strong-line calibrations are introduced without details on the fitting procedure, data selection criteria, error propagation, or whether the same 604-nebula sample was used for both calibration and validation (abstract). This raises a potential circularity risk for the reported low-scatter claims.
minor comments (1)
  1. The abstract would benefit from naming the five galaxies and reporting the number of H II regions per galaxy to allow immediate assessment of sample size and coverage.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their thorough review and valuable suggestions. We address each major comment below and will revise the manuscript to incorporate additional details and clarifications as outlined.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Catalog construction and data combination] The construction of the 'homogeneous catalog' of 604 nebulae (abstract) is load-bearing for every quantitative result on scatter, offsets, and diagnostic robustness, yet no quantitative cross-checks for SITELLE-MUSE [O II] flux offsets, aperture mismatches, or differential extinction are described. This directly affects the weakest assumption identified in the stress-test note.

    Authors: We agree that explicit quantitative cross-checks are essential to support the homogeneity of the catalog. Although some internal consistency checks were performed during data reduction, they were not fully documented in the submitted manuscript. In the revised version, we will add a new subsection (likely in Section 3) that includes direct comparisons of [O II] fluxes from SITELLE and MUSE for overlapping regions, quantitative assessments of aperture mismatch effects, and evaluations of differential extinction using available lines. This will directly address the concern and bolster confidence in the results. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Strong-line calibrations section] The five new strong-line calibrations are introduced without details on the fitting procedure, data selection criteria, error propagation, or whether the same 604-nebula sample was used for both calibration and validation (abstract). This raises a potential circularity risk for the reported low-scatter claims.

    Authors: The omission of detailed methodology for the new calibrations was an oversight in the original submission. The five new calibrations were fitted using the full 604-nebula sample. To mitigate circularity concerns, we will expand the relevant section to fully describe the fitting procedure, data selection criteria, and error propagation methods. Additionally, we will clarify that the primary low-scatter results (<0.03-0.04 dex) refer to the eight widely used calibrations, while the new ones are exploratory. If the referee deems it necessary, we can include a cross-validation analysis in the revision. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity; empirical catalog construction and calibration comparisons are independent

full rationale

The paper constructs an observational catalog by combining SITELLE [O II] and MUSE data for 604 nebulae, then empirically compares eight literature strong-line calibrations plus five new ones, reporting measured scatter in gradients and diagnostic trends. No step reduces a claimed result to its own inputs by construction: the new calibrations are additional outputs rather than load-bearing premises, the homogeneity of the catalog is an explicit assumption (not a derived equivalence), and all quantitative findings (0.03-0.04 dex scatter, [S III]/[S II] robustness) are direct measurements on the combined data against external benchmarks. The derivation chain is self-contained against the new observations and does not invoke self-citation chains or fitted parameters renamed as predictions.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

No explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities are described in the abstract. The work rests on standard assumptions of emission-line analysis and prior calibrations from the literature.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.1-grok · 5940 in / 1393 out tokens · 35541 ms · 2026-07-02T09:37:14.381263+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

131 extracted references · 117 canonical work pages · 37 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    , keywords =

    The data processing pipeline for the MUSE instrument. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037855 , archivePrefix =. 2006.08638 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202037855 2006

  2. [2]

    , keywords =

    Conversions between gas-phase metallicities in MaNGA. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2339 , archivePrefix =. 2108.04934 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2339

  3. [3]

    The MUSE Atlas of Disks (MAD): Resolving Star Formation Rates and Gas Metallicities on < 100pc Scales

    The MUSE Atlas of Disks (MAD): resolving star formation rates and gas metallicities on <100 pc scales. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz194 , archivePrefix =. 1901.04493 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stz194 1901

  4. [4]

    catalogue presentation

    H II regions in the CALIFA survey: I. catalogue presentation. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa782 , archivePrefix =. 2003.07865 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa782 2003

  5. [5]

    , keywords =

    The 2D metallicity distribution and mixing scales of nearby galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3082 , archivePrefix =. 2110.10697 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3082

  6. [6]

    The Abundance Properties of Nearby Late-type Galaxies. I. The Data. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/6/131 , archivePrefix =. 1403.5461 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-6256/147/6/131

  7. [7]

    , keywords =

    Arm-interarm gas abundance variations explored with MUSE: the role of spiral structure in the chemical enrichment of galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa088 , archivePrefix =. 2001.03450 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa088 2001

  8. [8]

    doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22491-1 , adsurl =

    Chemical Evolution of Galaxies. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22491-1 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1007/978-3-642-22491-1

  9. [9]

    , keywords =

    Collision and Radiative Rates for Infrared to Extreme Ultraviolet Lines of S III. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab17e1 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ab17e1

  10. [10]

    Astrophysics of gaseous nebulae and active galactic nuclei

  11. [11]

    Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV , year = 2012, editor =

    Final design of SITELLE: a wide-field imaging Fourier transform spectrometer for the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Ground-based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV , year = 2012, editor =. doi:10.1117/12.926782 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1117/12.926782 2012

  12. [12]

    , keywords =

    The host galaxies and classification of active galactic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10859.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0605681 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2006.10859.x 2006

  13. [14]

    New empirical metallicity relations for the local and high-redshift universe

    The DESIRED strong-line calibrations: I. New empirical metallicity relations for the local and high-redshift universe. arXiv e-prints , keywords =

  14. [15]

    , keywords =

    What Can We Learn from the Nitrogen Abundance of High-z Galaxies?. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb5f3 , archivePrefix =. 2412.06517 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adb5f3

  15. [16]

    , keywords =

    SDSS IV MaNGA: Metallicity and ionisation parameter in local star-forming galaxies from Bayesian fitting to photoionisation models. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937203 , archivePrefix =. 2002.05744 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201937203 2002

  16. [17]

    , keywords =

    Chemodynamic evidence of pristine gas accretion in the void galaxy VGS 12. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557058 , archivePrefix =. 2511.00235 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202557058

  17. [18]

    A Machine Learning Artificial Neural Network Calibration of the Strong-Line Oxygen Abundance

    A machine learning artificial neural network calibration of the strong-line oxygen abundance. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz649 , archivePrefix =. 1903.01506 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stz649 1903

  18. [19]

    Deriving model-based T$_e$-consistent chemical abundances in ionised gaseous nebulae

    Deriving model-based T _ e -consistent chemical abundances in ionized gaseous nebulae. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu753 , archivePrefix =. 1404.3936 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stu753

  19. [20]

    , keywords =

    Metallicity, Ionization Parameter, and Pressure Variations of H II Regions in the TYPHOON Spiral Galaxies: NGC 1566, NGC 2835, NGC 3521, NGC 5068, NGC 5236, and NGC 7793. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5ab2 , archivePrefix =. 2203.02522 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac5ab2

  20. [21]

    Survey description

    SIGNALS: I. Survey description. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2455 , archivePrefix =. 1908.09017 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stz2455 1908

  21. [22]

    , keywords =

    The impact of the nitrogen-to-oxygen ratio on ionized nebula diagnostics based on [NII] emission lines. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15145.x , archivePrefix =. 0905.4621 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15145.x 2009

  22. [23]

    IZI: Inferring the Gas Phase Metallicity (Z) and Ionization Parameter (q) of Ionized Nebulae using Bayesian Statistics

    IZI: Inferring the Gas Phase Metallicity (Z) and Ionization Parameter (q) of Ionized Nebulae Using Bayesian Statistics. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/798/2/99 , archivePrefix =. 1410.8146 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/798/2/99

  23. [24]

    The model and the Milky Way

    Chemo-spectrophotometric evolution of spiral galaxies - I. The model and the Milky Way. , keywords =. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02699.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/9902148 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02699.x 1999

  24. [25]

    The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Spatially Resolved Metallicity and Ionization Mapping

    The SAMI Galaxy Survey: Spatially resolved metallicity and ionization mapping. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1782 , archivePrefix =. 1807.01522 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/sty1782

  25. [26]

    SDSS IV MaNGA - Metallicity and nitrogen abundance gradients in local galaxies

    SDSS IV MaNGA - metallicity and nitrogen abundance gradients in local galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx789 , archivePrefix =. 1703.03813 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stx789

  26. [27]

    The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): Spatially Resolved Gas-Phase Metallicity Distributions in Barred and Unbarred Spirals

    The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): spatially resolved gas-phase metallicity distributions in barred and unbarred spirals. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1422 , archivePrefix =. 1606.05713 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1422

  27. [28]

    A characteristic oxygen abundance gradient in galaxy disks unveiled with CALIFA

    A characteristic oxygen abundance gradient in galaxy disks unveiled with CALIFA. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322343 , archivePrefix =. 1311.7052 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201322343

  28. [29]

    , keywords =

    H II Regions and the Abundance Properties of Spiral Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/173544 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/173544

  29. [30]

    The Composition Gradient in M101 Revisited. I. H II Region Spectra and Excitation Properties. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/176675 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/176675

  30. [31]

    , keywords =

    SIGNALS on the mixing of oxygen and nitrogen in the spiral galaxy NGC 6946. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staf510 , archivePrefix =. 2502.00649 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staf510

  31. [32]

    Anomalously low metallicity regions in MaNGA star-forming galaxies: Accretion Caught in Action?

    Anomalously Low-metallicity Regions in MaNGA Star-forming Galaxies: Accretion Caught in Action?. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf7a3 , archivePrefix =. 1812.04614 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aaf7a3

  32. [33]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    SIGNALS of Giant HII Regions: A Spatially Resolved Analysis of NGC 604. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2510.03144 , archivePrefix =. 2510.03144 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2510.03144

  33. [34]

    De Re Metallica: The cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies

    De re metallica: the cosmic chemical evolution of galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0112-2 , archivePrefix =. 1811.09642 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s00159-018-0112-2

  34. [35]

    , keywords =

    Measuring the mixing scale of the ISM within nearby spiral galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2743 , archivePrefix =. 2009.02342 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2743 2009

  35. [36]

    , keywords =

    CHAOS IV: Gas-phase Abundance Trends from the First Four CHAOS Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7eab , archivePrefix =. 2001.05002 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab7eab 2001

  36. [37]

    , keywords =

    Discovery of 2200 new supernova remnants in 19 nearby star-forming galaxies with MUSE spectroscopy. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450730 , archivePrefix =. 2405.08974 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202450730

  37. [38]

    , keywords =

    Temperature-based radial metallicity gradients in nearby galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556017 , archivePrefix =. 2507.20744 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202556017

  38. [39]

    , keywords =

    Investigating the Drivers of Electron Temperature Variations in H II Regions with Keck-KCWI and VLT-MUSE. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad303c , archivePrefix =. 2309.17440 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad303c

  39. [40]

    , keywords =

    Metallicity calibrations based on auroral lines from PHANGS MUSE data. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451007 , archivePrefix =. 2410.00106 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451007

  40. [41]

    Probing the chemo-dynamical evolution of disc galaxies

    The PHANGS-MUSE survey. Probing the chemo-dynamical evolution of disc galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141727 , archivePrefix =. 2110.03708 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141727

  41. [42]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    MARTA: Temperature-temperature relationships and strong-line metallicity calibrations from multiple auroral lines detections at cosmic noon. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2504.03839 , archivePrefix =. 2504.03839 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2504.03839

  42. [43]

    , keywords =

    PHANGS-MUSE: The H II region luminosity function of local star-forming galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141907 , archivePrefix =. 2111.09362 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141907

  43. [44]

    Pilyugin, L. S. and Grebel, E. K. , year=. New calibrations for abundance determinations in HII regions , volume=. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society , publisher=. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw238 , number=

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stw238

  44. [45]

    , keywords =

    The host galaxies of active galactic nuclei. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07154.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0304239 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2003.07154.x 2003

  45. [46]

    A Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer - MUSE. 2005

    2005

  46. [47]

    Astronomical Data Analysis Software an Systems XXIV (ADASS XXIV) , year = 2015, editor =

    ORBS, ORCS, OACS, a Software Suite for Data Reduction and Analysis of the Hyperspectral Imagers SITELLE and SpIOMM. Astronomical Data Analysis Software an Systems XXIV (ADASS XXIV) , year = 2015, editor =

    2015

  47. [48]

    Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic HII Regions and Starburst Galaxies

    Using Strong Lines to Estimate Abundances in Extragalactic H II Regions and Starburst Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/341326 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0206495 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/341326

  48. [49]

    and Rosolowsky, Erik and Nofech, Joseph and Schinnerer, Eva and Leroy, Adam K

    Lang, Philipp and Meidt, Sharon E. and Rosolowsky, Erik and Nofech, Joseph and Schinnerer, Eva and Leroy, Adam K. and Emsellem, Eric and Pessa, Ismael and Glover, Simon C. O. and Groves, Brent and Hughes, Annie and Kruijssen, J. M. Diederik and Querejeta, Miguel and Schruba, Andreas and Bigiel, Frank and Blanc, Guillermo A. and Chevance, Mélanie and Colom...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab9953

  49. [50]

    , keywords =

    R v-dependent Optical and Near-Ultraviolet Extinction. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/173713 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1086/173713

  50. [51]

    PyNeb Reference Manual. 2022

    2022

  51. [52]

    and Morisset, C

    Luridiana, V. and Morisset, C. and Shaw, R. A. , year=. PyNeb: a new tool for analyzing emission lines: I. Code description and validation of results , volume=. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323152 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201323152

  52. [53]

    Astrophysics 0f Gaseous Nebulae and Active Galactic Nuclei. 2006

    2006

  53. [54]

    The PHANGS–MUSE nebular catalogue , volume=

    Groves, B and Kreckel, K and Santoro, F and Belfiore, F and Zavodnik, E and Congiu, E and Egorov, O V and Emsellem, E and Grasha, K and Leroy, A and Scheuermann, F and Schinnerer, E and Watkins, E J and Barnes, A T and Bigiel, F and Dale, D A and Glover, S C O and Pessa, I and Sanchez-Blazquez, P and Williams, T G , year=. The PHANGS–MUSE nebular catalogu...

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stad114

  54. [55]

    and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and

    Virtanen, Pauli and Gommers, Ralf and Oliphant, Travis E. and Haberland, Matt and Reddy, Tyler and Cournapeau, David and Burovski, Evgeni and Peterson, Pearu and Weckesser, Warren and Bright, Jonathan and. Nature Methods , year =

  55. [56]

    and Matadamas, R

    Binette, L. and Matadamas, R. and Hägele, G. F. and Nicholls, D. C. and Magris C., G. and Peña-Guerrero, M. Á. and Morisset, C. and Rodríguez-González, A. , year=. Discrepancies between the [OIII] and [SIII] temperatures in HII regions , volume=. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219515 , journal=

    work page doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219515

  56. [57]

    and Kennicutt, Jr., Robert C

    Bresolin, Fabio and Garnett, Donald R. and Kennicutt, Jr., Robert C. , year=. Abundances of Metal‐rich H<scp>ii</scp>Regions in M51 , volume=. The Astrophysical Journal , publisher=. doi:10.1086/424377 , number=

    work page doi:10.1086/424377

  57. [58]

    NGC 4254

    The effects of cluster environment on the chemical evolution of galaxies - II. NGC 4254. , year = 1994, month = jan, volume =. doi:10.1093/mnras/266.2.421 , adsurl =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/266.2.421 1994

  58. [59]

    and Braun, Robert and Walterbos, René A

    Thilker, David A. and Braun, Robert and Walterbos, René A. M. , year=. HII[CLC]phot[/CLC]: Automated Photometry of H [CSC]ii[/CSC] Regions Applied to M51 , volume=. The Astronomical Journal , publisher=. doi:10.1086/316852 , number=

    work page doi:10.1086/316852

  59. [60]

    Imaging spectroscopy of 4285 H II region candidates

    NGC628 with SITELLE: I. Imaging spectroscopy of 4285 H II region candidates. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/sty477 , archivePrefix =. 1704.05121 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/sty477

  60. [61]

    astropy/photutils: 1.8.0 , month = may, year = 2023, publisher =

    Larry Bradley and Brigitta Sip. astropy/photutils: 1.8.0 , month = may, year = 2023, publisher =. doi:10.5281/zenodo.7946442 , url =

    work page doi:10.5281/zenodo.7946442 2023

  61. [62]

    Optimal fitting of gaussian-apodized or under-resolved emission lines in Fourier Transform spectra providing new insights on the velocity structure of NGC 6720

    Optimal fitting of Gaussian-apodized or under-resolved emission lines in Fourier transform spectra providing new insights on the velocity structure of NGC 6720. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2315 , archivePrefix =. 1608.05854 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2315

  62. [63]

    HyperLEDA. III. The catalogue of extragalactic distances. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423496 , archivePrefix =. 1408.3476 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201423496

  63. [64]

    , keywords =

    Distances to PHANGS galaxies: New tip of the red giant branch measurements and adopted distances. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3668 , archivePrefix =. 2012.00757 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3668 2012

  64. [65]

    and Schinnerer, Eva and Hughes, Annie and Rosolowsky, Erik and Pety, Jérôme and Schruba, Andreas and Usero, Antonio and Blanc, Guillermo A

    Leroy, Adam K. and Schinnerer, Eva and Hughes, Annie and Rosolowsky, Erik and Pety, Jérôme and Schruba, Andreas and Usero, Antonio and Blanc, Guillermo A. and Chevance, Mélanie and Emsellem, Eric and Faesi, Christopher M. and Herrera, Cinthya N. and Liu, Daizhong and Meidt, Sharon E. and Querejeta, Miguel and Saito, Toshiki and Sandstrom, Karin M. and Sun...

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4365/ac17f3

  65. [66]

    Measuring Reddening with SDSS Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD

    Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital Sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating SFD. , keywords =. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/737/2/103 , archivePrefix =. 1012.4804 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1088/0004-637x/737/2/103

  66. [67]

    arXiv e-prints , keywords =

    The abundance discrepancy in ionized nebulae: which are the correct abundances?. arXiv e-prints , keywords =. doi:10.48550/arXiv.2311.10280 , archivePrefix =. 2311.10280 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.48550/arxiv.2311.10280

  67. [68]

    , keywords =

    [OIII]/[NII] as an abundance indicator at high redshift. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07591.x , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0401128 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07591.x 2004

  68. [69]

    Metallicities of 0.3<z<1.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field

    Metallicities of 0.3<z<1.0 Galaxies in the GOODS-North Field. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/425299 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0408128 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/425299

  69. [70]

    , keywords =

    Direct Gas-phase Metallicity in Local Analogs of High-redshift Galaxies: Empirical Metallicity Calibrations for High-redshift Star-forming Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabd74 , archivePrefix =. 1805.08224 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aabd74

  70. [71]

    , keywords =

    Understanding Galaxy Evolution Through Emission Lines. , keywords =. doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832 , archivePrefix =. 1910.09730 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1146/annurev-astro-081817-051832 1910

  71. [72]

    Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-Forming Galaxies

    Metallicity Calibrations and the Mass-Metallicity Relation for Star-forming Galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1086/587500 , archivePrefix =. 0801.1849 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1086/587500

  72. [73]

    R., Millman, K

    Charles R. Harris and K. Jarrod Millman and St. Array programming with. 2020 , month = sep, journal =. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 , publisher =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2 2020

  73. [74]

    , keywords =

    Comparing the pre-SNe feedback and environmental pressures for 6000 H II regions across 19 nearby spiral galaxies. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2958 , archivePrefix =. 2110.05492 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2958

  74. [75]

    The chemical composition of metal-poor emission-line galaxies in the Data Release 3 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey

    The chemical composition of metal-poor emission-line galaxies in the Data Release 3 of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053763 , archivePrefix =. astro-ph/0511644 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20053763

  75. [76]

    , keywords =

    A reassessment of strong line metallicity conversions in the machine learning era. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab466 , archivePrefix =. 2102.07058 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab466

  76. [77]

    The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and Te-based literature data

    The O3N2 and N2 abundance indicators revisited: improved calibrations based on CALIFA and T _ e -based literature data. , keywords =. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321956 , archivePrefix =. 1307.5316 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201321956

  77. [78]

    Chemical abundances in high-redshift galaxies: A powerful new emission line diagnostic

    Chemical abundances in high-redshift galaxies: a powerful new emission line diagnostic. , keywords =. doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2657-8 , archivePrefix =. 1601.01337 , primaryClass =

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv doi:10.1007/s10509-016-2657-8

  78. [79]

    , keywords =

    On the electron temperatures in high-metallicity HII regions. , keywords =. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15182.x , archivePrefix =. 0907.0084 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2009.15182.x 2009

  79. [80]

    Introduction and comparison of high-resolution metallicity maps to an analytical metal transport model

    A geostatistical analysis of multiscale metallicity variations in galaxies - I. Introduction and comparison of high-resolution metallicity maps to an analytical metal transport model. , keywords =. doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2554 , archivePrefix =. 2109.03390 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1093/mnras/stab2554

  80. [81]

    , keywords =

    Temperature inhomogeneities cause the abundance discrepancy in H II regions. , keywords =. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05956-2 , archivePrefix =. 2305.11578 , primaryClass =

    work page doi:10.1038/s41586-023-05956-2

Showing first 80 references.