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arxiv: 2606.27297 · v1 · pith:OKN4CE2Dnew · submitted 2026-06-25 · 🪐 quant-ph · cond-mat.mes-hall· cond-mat.supr-con

Exploring dynamics of individual vortices in a superconductor via a levitated magnetic transducer

Yiqi Wang , Trisha Madhavan , J. DaLi Schaefer , Addison NewRingeisen , Frankie Fung , Mikhail D. Lukin This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-06-26 03:52 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification 🪐 quant-ph cond-mat.mes-hallcond-mat.supr-con
keywords vortex dynamicslevitated magnetsYBCO superconductorrandom telegraph noisemechanical transducersvortex tunnelingdissipation mechanismspinning sites
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The pith

Levitated magnetic particles detect random tunneling of individual vortices in a YBCO film through telegraph signals in their motion.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

The paper demonstrates that the mechanical motion of micron-scale levitated magnets is strongly affected by vortices trapped in a superconducting YBCO film. Random telegraph signals appear in the particles' frequency, dissipation rate, and energy, which the authors link to individual vortices tunneling between pinning sites. Non-exponential ringdown curves further indicate a nonlinear vortex-defect interaction that creates a complex energy landscape. This method supplies a mechanical probe for vortex dynamics that are otherwise hard to access directly. The results point to new ways to study dissipation in levitated superconducting systems and to use the particles themselves as transducers.

Core claim

We show that the dynamics of levitated magnets are strongly influenced by vortices trapped in the YBCO superconducting film. We observe random telegraph signals in the mechanical frequency, dissipation rate, and energy of levitated particles, which we attribute to random tunneling of individual vortices. The nonlinearity of vortex-defect interaction manifests as non-exponential decay in ringdown measurements, revealing a complex underlying potential landscape.

What carries the argument

Interaction between a levitated magnetic particle and individual trapped vortices, read out as random telegraph noise in the particle's frequency and energy.

If this is right

  • The technique supplies direct insight into dissipation mechanisms that limit coherence in superconducting levitated systems.
  • Levitated magnets can serve as local probes of both static pinning sites and dynamic tunneling rates of individual vortices.
  • Vortex-defect interactions create a nonlinear potential that can be mapped through mechanical ringdown measurements.
  • Magnetic particles may function as coherent mechanical transducers whose properties are tunable by the underlying vortex configuration.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Similar telegraph signatures could be used to characterize vortex pinning landscapes in other superconducting materials.
  • Controlling or monitoring individual vortex positions might improve stability and reduce loss in levitation-based sensors.
  • The method could be combined with optical or microwave readout to track vortex motion at faster timescales.
  • If vortex tunneling rates depend on temperature and field history, the same platform could map phase diagrams of pinning strength.

Load-bearing premise

The observed telegraph signals and non-exponential ringdown come from tunneling of single vortices interacting with material disorder rather than from collective vortex motion, external noise, or other mechanical effects.

What would settle it

The telegraph signals would disappear or change character if the same levitated particle were measured above the superconducting critical temperature or on a non-superconducting substrate with no trapped vortices.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2606.27297 by Addison NewRingeisen, Frankie Fung, J. DaLi Schaefer, Mikhail D. Lukin, Trisha Madhavan, Yiqi Wang.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Experiment setup and mechanical proper￾ties. a, A micrometer-scale spherical magnet is trapped above the YBCO sample in a cryostat at 6 K. The motion of the magnet is measured by a tightly focused 637 nm laser and is excited by magnetic fields from a nearby coil. The magnet couples to individual vortices that are pinned by material de￾fects. b, A microscope image of the levitated magnet. The coordinate axi… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Random telegraph signals in mechanical dynamics. a, A continuous measurement of the mechanical spectrum at B = 53 µT. The red dashed line highlights the resonance frequency. The average spectrum is shown on the right edge, featuring two distinct peaks. b, Averaged repeated ringdown measurements categorized based on the frequency at the beginning of the ringdown, where colors of circles correspond to peaks … view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: Relations between mechanical dynamics and superconductor properties. a, Mechanical resonance fre￾quencies of the x mode (red circles) and y mode (blue circles) as a function of temperature. Corresponding dashed lines are fits to the model described in the SI [26]. Dashed circles represent irreversible frequency changes at 77 K. b, Measured linewidth of the y mode (purple circles) as a function of the YBCO … view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Energy dependent relaxation. a, Averaged ringdown measurements at B = 92 µT with an increasing starting amplitude from purple circles to red circles. Red and purple dashed lines depict fast decays in the beginning and the following slow damping, respectively. Inset: Damping rate crossover time τcrs as a function of starting amplitudes. The dashed red line represents a fit to a hypothetical threshold energy… view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: Alternatively, the magnetic field of a single vortex can be described by a monopole-monopole model [31]. If the penetration depth is negligible, we have [68] B⃗ (⃗r, z) ≈ Φ0 2π (⃗r + ⃗z) (r 2 + z 2) 3/2 , (7) where ⃗r is the magnet’s in-plane position from the vortex and z is the magnet’s vertical distance from the surface. Hence, the effective number of vortices can be estimated as k kv ≈ mω2 mπz4 3Φ0M⃗ ·… view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Trapped vortices determine fundamental properties of superconductors and play an important role in many practical applications such as magnetic levitation, however their complex dynamics remain poorly understood. Here, we use the mechanical motion of micron-scale levitated magnetic particles to probe the dynamics of individual vortices. Specifically, we show that the dynamics of levitated magnets are strongly influenced by vortices trapped in the YBCO superconducting film. We observe random telegraph signals in the mechanical frequency, dissipation rate, and energy of levitated particles, which we attribute to random tunneling of individual vortices. The nonlinearity of vortex-defect interaction manifests as non-exponential decay in ringdown measurements, revealing a complex underlying potential landscape. Our results provide insights into elusive dissipation mechanisms in superconducting levitated systems, open new avenues for using levitated magnets as sensitive probes of static and dynamic properties of individual vortices in superconductors and their interactions with material disorder, and point toward novel routes for using magnetic particles as highly coherent mechanical transducers.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

1 major / 1 minor

Summary. The paper reports an experiment using the mechanical motion of micron-scale levitated magnetic particles to probe vortex dynamics in a YBCO superconducting film. The authors observe random telegraph signals in the particles' mechanical frequency, dissipation rate, and energy, which they attribute to random tunneling of individual vortices. They further report non-exponential ringdown behavior arising from the nonlinearity of vortex-defect interactions, and position the technique as a probe of static and dynamic vortex properties and dissipation mechanisms in levitated superconducting systems.

Significance. If the attribution to single-vortex tunneling can be quantitatively validated, the work would introduce a mechanically based probe capable of resolving individual vortex motion and its coupling to material disorder. This could address open questions in vortex dynamics and dissipation relevant to both fundamental superconductivity and applications such as magnetic levitation. The approach is novel in combining levitated optomechanics with superconducting vortex physics.

major comments (1)
  1. [Abstract / main results section] The central claim that the observed random telegraph signals originate from tunneling of individual vortices (rather than collective motion, substrate two-level systems, or unmodeled electromagnetic or mechanical noise) is not supported by quantitative modeling. No calculation of the expected mechanical-frequency shift produced by the stray-field change from displacement of a single vortex is presented, nor is there a comparison of the observed jump rates or amplitudes to vortex tunneling rates predicted from the known pinning landscape of YBCO.
minor comments (1)
  1. [Methods / experimental details] The manuscript would benefit from explicit discussion of experimental controls (e.g., measurements without the superconducting film or with varying vortex densities) to strengthen the attribution.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

1 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive feedback. We agree that quantitative modeling would strengthen the attribution of the random telegraph signals to single-vortex tunneling and will incorporate the requested calculations in the revised manuscript.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract / main results section] The central claim that the observed random telegraph signals originate from tunneling of individual vortices (rather than collective motion, substrate two-level systems, or unmodeled electromagnetic or mechanical noise) is not supported by quantitative modeling. No calculation of the expected mechanical-frequency shift produced by the stray-field change from displacement of a single vortex is presented, nor is there a comparison of the observed jump rates or amplitudes to vortex tunneling rates predicted from the known pinning landscape of YBCO.

    Authors: We acknowledge this is a valid point and that the current manuscript lacks explicit quantitative estimates. In the revised version we will add a calculation of the expected frequency shift Δf arising from the change in stray field when a single vortex displaces by one lattice spacing. The estimate will use the measured particle moment, levitation height, and the Biot-Savart contribution of a vortex in the YBCO film. We will also compare the observed telegraph amplitudes and rates to literature values for vortex tunneling in similar YBCO films (pinning energies ~10-100 K, attempt frequencies ~GHz), showing consistency with single-vortex events while arguing that collective motion or TLS would produce different statistics. These additions will be placed in a new subsection of the main text and will not change the experimental observations or conclusions. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No circularity: experimental attribution without derivation chain

full rationale

The manuscript is an observational experimental study reporting random telegraph signals in mechanical frequency, dissipation, and energy of levitated magnets, which are attributed to vortex tunneling. No equations, fitted parameters, or mathematical derivations are described in the provided text. The attribution is presented as a direct interpretation of observed signals and non-exponential ringdown rather than any self-definitional, fitted-input, or self-citation load-bearing step. The derivation chain is therefore self-contained as raw experimental reporting with no reduction of outputs to inputs by construction.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract supplies no equations, fitting procedures, or background assumptions; ledger is empty.

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discussion (0)

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    Mechanical-vortex Model The levitated magnet above a type-II superconductor can be primarily explained by the frozen-image-dipole model [6, 23], which quantitatively describes the response of a mixed state superconductor to the displacement of the magnet by a fixed frozen dipole and an image dipole which moves with the magnet. In this section, we discuss ...

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    Additional experimental evidence of strong pinning In the main text, we present a theoretical model based on strong pinning theory and show how the nonlinear interaction between individual vortices and pinning defects could give rise to the unusual nonlinear damping behavior that cannot be explained by the simplified model in Sec. 2. In this section, we f...

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