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The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) Mission Concept Study Final Report
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The Habitable Exoplanet Observatory, or HabEx, has been designed to be the Great Observatory of the 2030s. For the first time in human history, technologies have matured sufficiently to enable an affordable space-based telescope mission capable of discovering and characterizing Earthlike planets orbiting nearby bright sunlike stars in order to search for signs of habitability and biosignatures. Such a mission can also be equipped with instrumentation that will enable broad and exciting general astrophysics and planetary science not possible from current or planned facilities. HabEx is a space telescope with unique imaging and multi-object spectroscopic capabilities at wavelengths ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to near-IR. These capabilities allow for a broad suite of compelling science that cuts across the entire NASA astrophysics portfolio. HabEx has three primary science goals: (1) Seek out nearby worlds and explore their habitability; (2) Map out nearby planetary systems and understand the diversity of the worlds they contain; (3) Enable new explorations of astrophysical systems from our own solar system to external galaxies by extending our reach in the UV through near-IR. This Great Observatory science will be selected through a competed GO program, and will account for about 50% of the HabEx primary mission. The preferred HabEx architecture is a 4m, monolithic, off-axis telescope that is diffraction-limited at 0.4 microns and is in an L2 orbit. HabEx employs two starlight suppression systems: a coronagraph and a starshade, each with their own dedicated instrument.
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Cited by 23 Pith papers
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Fundamental Noise Limits of Infrared Detectors in the Presence of Readout Glow
Readout glow, not only 1/f drift, explains why averaging many non-destructive reads gives less noise reduction than 1/sqrt(N), and it sets a floor sigma_min ~ 1.5 sigma_RN^{1/2} G^{1/4}.
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Bioverse: Assessing the Ability of Direct Imaging Surveys to Empirically Constrain the Habitable Zone via Trends in Albedo
An HWO-like survey needs about 30 Earth-sized planets to recover a strong albedo step at the habitable zone, but 80-90 for weaker trends.
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Towards the Habitable Worlds Observatory: 1D CNN Retrieval of Reflection Spectra from Evolving Earth Analogs
A 1D CNN trained on over a million synthetic Earth-analog spectra retrieves gas abundances and planet properties in seconds, with Monte Carlo Dropout uncertainties.
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Requirements for Joint Orbital Characterization of Cold Giants and Habitable Worlds with Habitable Worlds Observatory
Simulations of 164 nearby target stars set HWO design requirements: an outer working angle of 1440 milliarcseconds, 40 precursor radial velocity measurements, and 6-8 astrometric epochs to pin down cold giant orbits.
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Detailed Architecture of the L 98-59 System and Confirmation of a Fifth Planet in the Habitable Zone
The paper confirms a non-transiting habitable-zone super-Earth (L 98-59 f) and refines masses, radii, and near-circular eccentricities for all five planets in the L 98-59 system.
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Detecting Atmospheric CO2 Trends as Population-Level Signatures for Long-Term Stable Water Oceans and Biotic Activity on Temperate Terrestrial Exoplanets
LIFE-like observations could detect population-level atmospheric CO2 trends from the carbonate-silicate cycle with as few as 30 temperate terrestrial exoplanets, though distinguishing biotic from abiotic trends requir...
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A Terminology and Quantitative Framework for Assessing the Habitability of Solar System and Extraterrestrial Worlds
A NASA working group introduces a modular, probabilistic framework that quantifies habitability as the overlap between a habitat model and a metabolism viability model.
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Continuous Habitable Zone Metric for Prioritizing Habitable Worlds Observatory Targets
A new CHZ2 metric, integrating the Bayesian likelihood of a 2 Gyr continuous habitable zone outside a coronagraph inner working angle, ranks the 164 HWO target stars.
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Thermal Emission and Confirmation of the Frigid White Dwarf Exoplanet WD 1856+534b
JWST MIRI photometry detects 15-18 micron thermal emission from WD 1856+534b, yielding a 186 K temperature and a mass below 5.9 Jupiter masses, confirming it as a planet in a white dwarf's forbidden zone.
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Earth Detecting Earth: At what distance could Earth's constellation of technosignatures be detected with present-day technology?
Earth's most detectable technosignature with present-day instruments is planetary radar, visible to 12,000 light-years, while most other signatures fade within a few light-years.
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Effects of planetary mass uncertainties on the interpretation of the reflectance spectra of Earth-like exoplanets
Reflected-light retrievals of cloudy Earth-like exoplanets misidentify the background gas unless the planet's mass is known to roughly 10% precision.
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Polarization effects on high contrast imaging: measurements on THD2 Bench
A deformable mirror on the THD2 bench creates a polarization-dependent beam shift of several hundred nanometers, about ten times larger than predicted, degrading coronagraph contrast.
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Assessing Planetary Stability and Long-Term Habitability in Nearby Stellar Binaries: 70 Oph, 36 Oph, $\gamma$ Leo
Numerical simulations show that the habitable zones of 36 Oph and 70 Oph are dynamically stable, while gamma Leo's are not.
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The False Spin of an Exo-Venus
For one atmospheric layer, a superrotating wind with a cos(latitude) pattern is indistinguishable from rapid solid-body rotation, but the illusion is exposed by measuring apparent rotation across different pressure levels.
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Identifying and Distinguishing Quenching Galaxies with Spatially Resolved Star Formation in Mock CASTOR and NGRST Observations
Mock CASTOR and NGRST images of TNG50 galaxies recover spatially resolved star formation well enough for machine-learning classification of inside-out versus outside-in quenching.
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Characterizing Earth analogs may require a moderate or high-resolution spectrograph
Moderate to high spectral resolution (R>1000) provides higher sensitivity for detecting key molecules like H2O and O2 in Earth analogs than low resolution (R~140), as correlated speckle noise can suppress detections a...
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Observational Tests of Terrestrial Planet Buffering Feedbacks and the Habitable Zone Concept
The paper's reported sample sizes for detecting climate buffering feedbacks are not supported because the simulations compare subsets to the full sample they came from and lack a control, making the numbers an artifac...
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Constraining nearby substellar companion architectures using High Contrast Imaging, Radial Velocity and Astrometry data
For seven nearby M dwarfs, combining imaging, radial velocity, and astrometry raises the fraction of detectable substellar companions beyond any single method, though no new companions were found.
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Closeby Habitable Exoplanet Survey (CHES). IV. Synergy between astrometry and direct imaging missions of the Habitable World Observatory for detecting Earth-like planets
Prior astrometric orbits from CHES would boost HWO's habitable-planet detection completeness by about 10% and detection efficiency by 2-30x, adding roughly 5-10 expected detections.
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Instrumentation prospects for rocky exoplanet atmospheres studies with high resolution spectroscopy
Higher spectral resolution (R=300,000) materially reduces the exposure time needed to detect oxygen A-band absorption in hazy, cloudy exoplanet atmospheres relative to R=100,000.
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Orbital Stability of Hierarchical 3 and 4-Body Systems with Inclination: Results for Kepler-1625, 1708, and HD 23079
N-body simulations show proposed exomoons around Kepler-1625, Kepler-1708, and HD 23079 are mostly orbitally stable, while submoons destabilize above about 40 degrees inclination and show a secular 13:2 precession res...
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Cascade adaptive optics with a second stage based on a Zernike wavefront sensor for exoplanet observations
A second adaptive optics stage using a Zernike wavefront sensor cuts residual wavefront error sixfold and improves coronagraph contrast by up to 2 in a lab test, offering a new second-stage option for exoplanet imaging.
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Not Earth-like Yet Temperate? More Generic Climate Feedback Configurations Still Allow Temperate Climates in Habitable Zone Exo-Earth Candidates
An idealized model with an extra generalized feedback produces chaotic and runaway climates and predicts that strong positive fourth feedbacks reduce long-term temperate habitability of Earth-like exoplanets.
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