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Attractor of hydrodynamic attractors
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Attractor of hydrodynamic attractors
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Understanding how hydrodynamics emerges rapidly in the medium produced by relativistic heavy-ion collisions remains a key theoretical challenge. While the attractor solution -- manifesting as a non-thermal fixed point during the early evolution stage -- offers a potential explanation, it does not fully account for how far-from-equilibrium systems quickly approach near-equilibrium states. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the attractor in a higher-order hydrodynamic theory converges to the same solution as a second-order theory before reaching the Navier--Stokes limit. This finding suggests that commonly used second-order hydrodynamic equations, provided they incorporate the correct transport coefficients, are adequate to approximate the system's behavior starting from an intermediate time -- even when using a higher-order theory that would be more suitable for describing the far-from-equilibrium evolution.
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Cited by 1 Pith paper
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Non-equilibrium Dynamical Attractors and Thermalisation of Charm Quarks in Nuclear Collisions at the LHC Energy
Charm quarks develop dynamical attractors in expanding QGP but with lattice-QCD diffusion coefficients require ~5 fm to relax, leading to O(1) deviations from equilibrium already at pT ~ 3 GeV and incomplete thermaliz...
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