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Kinematic Structures in Planet-Forming Disks
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The past 5 years have dramatically changed our view of the disks of gas and dust around young stars. Observations with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and extreme adaptive optics systems have revealed that disks are dynamical systems. Most disks contain resolved structures, both in gas and dust, including rings, gaps, spirals, azimuthal dust concentrations, shadows cast by misaligned inner disks, as well as deviations from Keplerian rotation. The origin of these structures and how they relate to the planet formation process remain poorly understood. Spatially resolved kinematic studies offer a new and necessary window to understand and quantify the physical processes (turbulence, winds, radial and meridional flows, stellar multiplicity, instabilities) at play during planet formation and disk evolution. Recent progress, driven mainly by resolved ALMA observations, includes the detection and mass determination of embedded planets, the mapping of the gas flow around the accreting planets, the confirmation of tidal interactions and warped disk geometries, and stringent limits on the turbulent velocities. In this chapter, we will review our current understanding of these dynamical processes and highlight how kinematic mapping provides new ways to observe planet formation in action.
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Cited by 26 Pith papers
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Revealing Fine Structure in Protoplanetary Disks with Physics Constrained Neural Fields
Physics-constrained neural fields plus a fast differentiable ray tracer recover a flattened, thin CO layer beyond 400 au in the HD 163296 disk.
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exoALMA. VI. Rotating under Pressure: Rotation curves, azimuthal velocity substructures, and pressure variations
Rotation-curve measurements of 15 protoplanetary disks show that the majority of dust rings and gaps sit at gas pressure maxima and minima, supporting pressure-driven dust trapping.
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exoALMA XV: Interpreting the height of CO emission layer
CO emission heights, combined with temperature profiles, can be inverted to measure disk surface densities from optically thick lines; the resulting disk masses imply a median CO depletion factor of about 20 relative ...
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exoALMA XI: ALMA Observations and Hydrodynamic Models of LkCa 15: Implications for Planetary Mass Companions in the Dust Continuum Cavity
ALMA observations at about 6 au resolution show CO gas filling LkCa 15's 40 au dust cavity, ruling out single planets more massive than about Jupiter as the cavity's cause under standard disk assumptions.
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Magnetohydrodynamical opening of dust traps in protoplanetary disks
Large-scale magnetic stresses can overwhelm the pressure-bump trap and force dust to drift inward, "opening" dust traps in wide, low-contrast rings.
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Baryon Asymmetry from Electroweak-Symmetric Domain Walls
Electroweak-symmetric domain walls produce the observed baryon asymmetry via CP-violating semiclassical forces, transport, sphalerons, and interference between the two wall faces in a singlet-extended Standard Model.
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Infall Explains the Disk Kinematics of AB Aur Without Gravitational Instability
Infalling gas streamers, not disk self-gravity, can produce the convergent velocity signature around the AB Aur spiral arms that was used as evidence for gravitational instability.
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The Dynamics of Infall and Accretion Shocks in the Outer Disk
The STAK model connects infalling envelope gas to the disk through shocks, predicts elliptical post-shock orbits, and produces twisted, asymmetric velocity maps that resemble ALMA observations of L1527.
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Shadow-Based Framework for Estimating Transition Disk Geometries
A shadow and horizon fitting framework estimates the tilt, orientation, and surface height of misaligned inner and outer disks in transition disks; for HD 100453 it gives a 70-degree misalignment and an inner disk asp...
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exoALMA. XVII. Characterizing the Gas Dynamics around Dust Asymmetries
High-resolution CO maps of four protoplanetary disks with crescent-shaped dust traps show no clear gas kinematic signature of the vortices believed to create them.
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exoALMA V: Gaseous Emission Surfaces and Temperature Structures
New ALMA observations of 15 disks yield CO and CS emission surfaces, 2D temperature maps, and a correlation between 12CO emission height and disk mass.
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exoALMA. XVI. Predicting Signatures of Large-scale Turbulence in Protoplanetary Disks
Simulated VSI, MRI, and gravitational instability in protoplanetary disks produce distinguishable ring, spiral, and arc velocity patterns that should be detectable in exoALMA-quality CO observations.
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exoALMA. VIII. Probabilistic Moment Maps and Data Products using Non-parametric Linear Models
A non-parametric linear model with an analytic Bayesian posterior produces debiased, uncertainty-aware moment maps from spectral cube data, recovering velocity substructures 50-200 m/s larger than conventional fitting.
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ExoALMA XIII. gas masses from N2H+ and C18O: a comparison of protoplanetary gas disk mass measurement techniques
Gas masses of protoplanetary disks measured from CO and N2H+ line fluxes agree with kinematically measured masses within a factor of about three for most of the 15 disks compared, with line-based masses lower by a fac...
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exoALMA XII: Weighing and sizing exoALMA disks with rotation curve modelling
Modeling rotation curves of CO gas in ten exoALMA disks yields dynamical disk masses, scale radii, and effective viscosities, plus a gas-to-dust ratio around 400.
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exoALMA. X. channel maps reveal complex $^{12}$CO abundance distributions and a variety of kinematic structures with evidence for embedded planets
Channel maps of 15 exoALMA disks reveal kinematic deviations in 13, planet-wake-like kinks in six, and partial CO freeze-out in seven midplanes.
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exoALMA I. Science Goals, Project Design and Data Products
The exoALMA survey obtained deep, high-resolution ALMA images of 15 protoplanetary disks and found gas and dust substructure in 14 of them, along with small velocity disturbances in all sources.
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exoALMA VII: Benchmarking Hydrodynamics and Radiative Transfer Codes
Five hydrodynamics codes and two radiative transfer codes produce consistent planet-driven kinematic signatures in synthetic observations, allowing reliable planet location retrieval.
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Vortex-Induced Rings and Gaps within Protoplanetary Disks
Long-lived disk vortices excite density waves that shock, open gas gaps, and concentrate dust into rings, with elongated vortices producing rings at larger separations.
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Vertical Shear Instability in Thermally-Stratified Protoplanetary Disks: II. Hydrodynamic Simulations and Observability
Adding a hot atmosphere to protoplanetary disk models strengthens vertical shear instability turbulence by more than an order of magnitude and makes its signatures visible in synthetic observations.
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Particle fragmentation inside planet-induced spiral waves
Collisions between dust particles inside planet-induced spiral waves in 2D simulations reach velocities far above fragmentation thresholds, even for similar-sized particles and sub-thermal-mass planets.
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Extending dynamical mass measurements: probing GI as a possible origin of mm-dust spirals
Dynamical rotation-curve fits give M_disk ≈ 0.30 M_sun for HD 97048 and ≈ 0.21 M_sun for WaOph 6, and indicate disks with mm-dust spirals have systematically lower Toomre Q.
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exoALMA II: Data Calibration and Imaging Pipeline
The paper presents the exoALMA calibration and imaging pipeline, with public scripts and data, designed to produce high-fidelity image cubes for kinematic searches for embedded planets.
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Connecting Planetary Composition with Formation: a New Paradigm Emerges
A synthesis review argues that MHD disk winds, not turbulence, dominate disk evolution and planet formation, linking observed disk structures to exoplanet composition and orbits.
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Circumstellar and circumbinary discs in multiple stellar systems
This review consolidates current knowledge on how stellar multiplicity shapes protoplanetary disc structure, dust evolution, and planet formation outcomes.
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High-Contrast Imaging: Hide and Seek with Exoplanets
A review of direct imaging techniques for exoplanets, covering adaptive optics, coronagraphs, speckle suppression, instrumentation, and survey demographics.
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