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The smallest fluid on earth
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High energy heavy ion collisions create quark gluon plasmas that behave like almost perfect fluids. Very similar features to those that led to this insight have also been observed in experimental data from collisions of small systems, involving protons or other light nuclei. We describe recent developments aimed at understanding whether, and if so how, systems that produce relatively few particles (orders of magnitude less than in typical heavy ion collisions) and are only one to a few times the size of a proton, can behave like fluids. This involves a deeper understanding of fluid dynamics and its applicability, improvements of our understanding of the initial geometry of the collisions by considering fluctuations of the proton shape, as well as advancements in the calculation of initial state effects within an effective theory of quantum chromodynamics, which can affect the observables that are used to study fluid behavior. We further address open questions and discuss future directions.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Nonflow Subtraction Beyond Two-Particle Correlations
A nonflow subtraction framework for m-particle cumulants is developed and tested in HIJING simulations for O+O and d+Au collisions.
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A Resummed Hydrodynamic Description of Relativistic Heavy-ion Collisions
A resummed hydrodynamic scheme with tunable caps on shear and bulk viscous stress is introduced; it reduces to standard second-order hydrodynamics for small stresses and is used to quantify flow-observable uncertainti...
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Experimentally accessible drive-induced attractor in a Fermi gas near unitarity
A rapid scattering-length sweep in a near-unitary Fermi gas produces an early-time attractor that is visible only in the joint (E, Π) state space, not in a single-variable curve.
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Equilibrated fraction of QCD matter in high-energy oxygen--oxygen collisions
The equilibrated core in O+O collisions overtakes the nonequilibrium corona above midrapidity multiplicity of about 20, yet corona contributions persist in central events, making pure hydrodynamics inadequate.
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Nuclear Physics Confronts Relativistic Collisions Of Isobars
RHIC isobar data are explained by different shapes of 96Ru and 96Zr, with 96Zr showing a large octupole deformation, so nuclear structure uncertainty, not the magnetic field, dominates the observed ratios.
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Few is different: deciphering many-body dynamics in mesoscopic quantum gases
A workshop report mapping the size, equilibrium, and interaction frontiers of hydrodynamic behavior in mesoscopic quantum systems, connecting few-atom Fermi gases and high-energy small collision systems.
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