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Searching for ultra-light dark matter through frequency modulation of gravitational waves
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Ultra-light bosons, naturally appearing in well-motivated extensions to the Standard Model, can constitute all the dark matter. Models with particle mass close to the smallest phenomenologically allowed exhibit coherent field configurations at (sub)galactic scales, oscillating at a frequency corresponding to the fundamental mass of the dark matter particle. The gravitational field of these structures inherits the dark matter field's coherent oscillations, leaving an imprint on gravitational (and electromagnetic) waves sourced close to (or in) such overdensities. This happens via a heterodyning frequency modulation, which can later be decoded in a gravitational-wave detector. An analogous effect occurs in models with universal (conformal) couplings of ultra-light bosons with ordinary matter, generated by the direct interaction with the oscillating field. In this work, we explore this phenomenon in detail and assess the capability of near-future interferometers to probe ultra-light dark matter and its potential conformal couplings to matter. Using astrophysical population models, together with results from cosmological simulations, we find that the observation of gravitational waves from spinning neutron stars at the Galactic Centre with the Einstein Telescope/Cosmic Explorer would be particularly effective in constraining ultra-light dark matter.
Forward citations
Cited by 6 Pith papers
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Distinguishing Monochromatic Signals in LISA and Taiji: Ultralight Dark Matter versus Gravitational Waves
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A non-secular perturbative treatment of binary orbits shows that resonant gravitational waves and ultra-light dark matter drive quadratic growth of the true anomaly perturbation, substantially boosting projected detec...
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Vortices and rotating solitons in ultralight dark matter
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Eccentric supermassive black hole binaries embedded in self-interacting dark matter produce a suppressed nanohertz gravitational-wave background, and current PTA data bound the cross section at sigma/mchi less than ab...
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Bracketing the soliton-halo relation of ultralight dark matter
Numerical simulations and analytic equivalences show that the soliton-halo relation for ultralight dark matter is bracketed by the 1/2 relation as a lower bound and the 1/3 relation as an upper bound.
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