Paper Citation Record · LEDGER

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs

As of 19 August 2026, this Paper Citation Record lists 45 of 45 outbound references and 1 inbound Pith citation observation for arXiv:1909.02597.

A citation records a reference. It does not transfer a finding from one paper to another.

pith.paper-citation-record.v1
1909.02597 v2

Coverage vector

measured 45 of 45 reference resolution

Typed states for the displayed outbound observations.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.461419Z

measured 46 of 46 standing notices

One-hop event checks from named stored sources.

Source: scholarly_work_events, retraction_status_cache, observed 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00

measured 1 of 1 inbound itemization

Pith citing papers itemized under the disclosed page cap.

Source: paper_references, paper_reference_links, observed 2026-05-17T02:43:51.273343Z

measured 0 of 1 external citation measurements

A source-named dated measurement, never combined with another source.

Source: arxiv_reference, observed 2026-05-17T02:43:53.237271Z

Reference resolution

45 of 45 outbound references displayed

verified exact2
verified fuzzy1
unresolved41
parse uncertain0
malformed identifier0
metadata mismatch1

External citation measurements

No source-named external measurement is stored.

Outbound references

Observation 54bbf1af-3d3f-4a2e-93ba-fcc3d69bdd64 · outbound

This paper cites URL: " 'urlintro :=.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs URL: " 'urlintro :=

Reference 1

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.239926Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6db74a6d-2af7-4e4f-9eb0-dce980d037ca · outbound

This paper cites write newline.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs write newline

Reference 2

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.246125Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation f65eec77-aa7f-426e-a1ce-4a0befd0b6d0 · outbound

This paper cites Fine-grained Analysis of Sentence Embeddings Using Auxiliary Prediction Tasks.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Fine-grained Analysis of Sentence Embeddings Using Auxiliary Prediction Tasks

Reference 3

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.251424Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 018d880c-a2b6-43f8-b2d8-521de4ab6469 · outbound

This paper cites Can You Tell Me How to Get Past Sesame Street? Sentence-Level Pretraining Beyond Language Modeling.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Can You Tell Me How to Get Past Sesame Street? Sentence-Level Pretraining Beyond Language Modeling

Reference 4

Resolution: metadata mismatch; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.747222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation db4a0524-f1de-4df9-99a7-ca2422a383fa · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 5

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.226436Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 46462f29-aa41-4d94-a290-1157f6293eaf · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 6

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.211591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5fb2512b-1475-4577-b5d9-b4625857194b · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 7

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.196855Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 62418dd6-1fc3-4870-898e-c637579a4aa4 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 8

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.181918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation fa0fe21c-8a25-446a-9546-111b5c2205a1 · outbound

This paper cites Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Supervised Learning of Universal Sentence Representations from Natural Language Inference Data

Reference 9

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.282380Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 22882633-6c15-4d0b-aef2-13c86c30d662 · outbound

This paper cites What you can cram into a single vector: Probing sentence embeddings for linguistic properties.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs What you can cram into a single vector: Probing sentence embeddings for linguistic properties

Reference 10

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.287598Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation c4c60034-6edc-4f48-a66c-9519237c49bc · outbound

This paper cites Evaluating Compositionality in Sentence Embeddings.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Evaluating Compositionality in Sentence Embeddings

Reference 11

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.292929Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation eb1e3c84-ad4b-442e-ab70-f74215f12e28 · outbound

This paper cites BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding

Reference 12

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.298697Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation de7e0a9f-3d34-41ef-8138-1eb0040fb6b7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 13

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.166555Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6deae08e-2e57-474f-af89-99a5d1818da7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 14

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.151250Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 3266a7bc-ea19-425f-b83e-1c877cd0bc91 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 15

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.135069Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6131f54d-1525-4873-8542-d0e1acd55794 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 16

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.119133Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation f79c6b3d-faa9-4215-bd95-fc3505ef78f8 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 17

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.104247Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5b60e1a1-1af6-4bb2-9544-6822a61a756f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 18

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.089398Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 91fddc67-fc90-4c76-835f-9182581f016c · outbound

This paper cites Under the Hood: Using Diagnostic Classifiers to Investigate and Improve how Language Models Track Agreement Information.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Under the Hood: Using Diagnostic Classifiers to Investigate and Improve how Language Models Track Agreement Information

Reference 19

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.333597Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 90b8d571-32bf-40cb-93a6-58b961ca41ed · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 20

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.073905Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 57f57852-b14c-4b89-a6c5-def518ab2acd · outbound

This paper cites Do Language Models Understand Anything? On the Ability of LSTMs to Understand Negative Polarity Items.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Do Language Models Understand Anything? On the Ability of LSTMs to Understand Negative Polarity Items

Reference 21

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.643390Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation f8b13673-d6b1-4611-96f8-734471337939 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 22

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.058882Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation f1337d45-6627-4a3f-8ae4-9b8c905dbe1f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 23

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.043628Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation c75aadd8-e13c-426b-b3e0-b6e6c8a041be · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 24

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.027264Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 6dff0657-bde7-4c0f-809b-4015bbaee5f0 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 25

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:04.009184Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 408af191-2eaa-417b-90cc-856531e55434 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 26

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.989860Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 25e56f22-b819-4714-b549-531310a5307d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 27

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.974226Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation e0817ed3-b85b-4e08-ae5d-dbd0f1b28299 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 28

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.959123Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 602ff205-b1ec-4ee8-b31a-35c3ef4d6dd8 · outbound

This paper cites Multi-Task Deep Neural Networks for Natural Language Understanding.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Multi-Task Deep Neural Networks for Natural Language Understanding

Reference 29

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.383862Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 195cfadd-d26a-4340-be4f-46d93ae764a7 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 30

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.943285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation ff0be41c-7c57-4c1b-a53e-0f99e2193a4d · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 31

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.927641Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 3ea2e1ee-6564-46d2-ad46-1d67179a3456 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 32

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.398838Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 421b2d18-dc07-4358-80b2-2b40841ede8f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 33

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.901451Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 800642fc-cda5-4b32-ac74-3a56c95e74fe · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 34

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.885571Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 3feb4325-7b08-4aae-9d08-050c16c0978f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 35

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.412785Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6808ede3-48b8-41aa-b0b0-6847451302bc · outbound

This paper cites BERT and PALs: Projected Attention Layers for Efficient Adaptation in Multi-Task Learning.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs BERT and PALs: Projected Attention Layers for Efficient Adaptation in Multi-Task Learning

Reference 36

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.418744Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation af67beee-1978-415d-9408-81999055aa02 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 37

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.857918Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 3745a6ad-beb3-43dc-b2fc-07ce617185af · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 38

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.842591Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 359692a8-30ba-4fba-b1b6-b12a1732d6f9 · outbound

This paper cites Tenney, Yada Pruksachatkun, Katherin Yu, Jan Hula, Patrick Xia, Raghu Pappagari, Shuning Jin, R.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Tenney, Yada Pruksachatkun, Katherin Yu, Jan Hula, Patrick Xia, Raghu Pappagari, Shuning Jin, R

Reference 39

Resolution: verified fuzzy; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.826731Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 9948a561-c2bb-48aa-a539-15b7b09f64ff · outbound

This paper cites Linguistic Analysis of Pretrained Sentence Encoders with Acceptability Judgments.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Linguistic Analysis of Pretrained Sentence Encoders with Acceptability Judgments

Reference 40

Resolution: verified exact; local_arxiv, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.586654Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 5effc7cf-f301-4326-9326-08b324eb5037 · outbound

This paper cites Neural Network Acceptability Judgments.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Neural Network Acceptability Judgments

Reference 41

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.443285Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 1c9b3670-3cd8-412d-b57c-65d1dc7b0d30 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 42

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.810511Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Observation 741bbff2-41f3-41cc-a124-4c997e0ebfa9 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 43

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.452329Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 6d9471b7-c761-41f1-961e-515773aaca41 · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 44

Resolution: unresolved; no resolver link, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.457057Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

Unavailable: canonical work link unavailable.

Observation 313177f4-2298-427f-8492-96e02eb6db1f · outbound

This paper cites an unresolved cited work.

Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs Unresolved cited work

Reference 45

Resolution: unresolved; raw_fallback, observed 2026-08-14T04:50:03.784222Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.

Pith citing papers

Observation 048d582a-e03c-4b1b-8ac1-ed2265989af6 · inbound

Different types of syntactic agreement recruit the same units within large language models cites this paper.

Different types of syntactic agreement recruit the same units within large language models Investigating BERT's Knowledge of Language: Five Analysis Methods with NPIs

Reference 62

Resolution: verified exact; arxiv_id, observed 2026-05-17T02:43:53.239111Z

Source-reported events for the cited work

No event found in the named queried sources as of 2026-08-18T06:34:40.430872+00:00.