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Gravitational Lensing of Gravitational Waves: Effect of Microlens Population in Lensing Galaxies

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arxiv 2102.03946 v2 pith:YTDM7CQW submitted 2021-02-07 astro-ph.CO gr-qc

classification astro-ph.COgr-qc
keywords lensingmicrolenssignallensedmicrolensingparametersamplificationdensities
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal
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abstract

With increasing sensitivities of the current ground-based gravitational-wave (GW) detectors, the prospects of detecting a strongly lensed GW signal are going to be high in the coming years. When such a signal passes through an intervening lensing galaxy or galaxy cluster, the embedded stellar-mass microlenses lead to interference patterns in the signal that may leave observable signatures. In this work, we present an extensive study of these wave effects in the LIGO/Virgo frequency band ($10$-$10^4$ Hz) due to the presence of the microlens population in galaxy-scale lenses for the first time. We consider a wide range of strong lensing (macro) magnifications and the corresponding surface microlens densities found in lensing galaxies and use them to generate realisations of the amplification factor. The methodologies for simulating amplification curves for both types of images (minima and saddle points) are also discussed. We then study how microlensing is broadly affected by the parameters like macro-magnifications, stellar densities, the initial mass function (IMF), types of images, and microlens distribution around the source. In general, with increasing macro-magnification values, the effects of microlensing become increasingly significant regardless of other parameters. Mismatch analysis between the lensed and the unlensed GW waveforms from chirping binaries suggests that, while inferring the source parameters, microlensing can not be neglected for macro-magnification $\gtrsim 15$. Furthermore, for extremely high macro-magnifications $\gtrsim 100$, the mismatch can even exceed $5\%$, which can result in both a missed detection and, consequently, a missed lensed signal.

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Cited by 9 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

  1. Probability of gravitational-wave lensing by intermediate-mass black holes and globular clusters

    astro-ph.CO 2026-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    The rate of compound gravitational-wave lensing by intermediate-mass black holes in globular clusters is at most about 10^-3 of galaxy-scale lensed events, disfavoring GW231123 as such an event.

  2. The diffraction-lensing interpretation of GW231123 with astrophysical priors

    astro-ph.CO 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    GW231123 is better fit by a lower-mass merger diffracted by an isolated ~1000 M_sun lens, but astrophysical priors and a frequentist rate estimate make this lensing interpretation unlikely.

  3. Identifying lensed gravitational waves with physics-informed posterior learning

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Fusing a simulation-trained common-source mass posterior with waveform features raises lensed-event detection efficiency from 20.8% to 35.2% at 1% false-positive rate and lowers the SNR for 50% efficiency from 45.3 to 33.5.

  4. Across the Universe: GW231123 as a magnified and diffracted black hole merger

    astro-ph.GA 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    GW231123's extreme mass and spins may be explained by a point-mass microlens embedded in a galaxy, reducing the inferred source mass to about 100-180 solar masses.

  5. Can Eccentric Binary Black Hole Signals Mimic Gravitational-Wave Microlensing?

    gr-qc 2025-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Eccentric BBH signals can masquerade as wave-optics microlensing in quasicircular analyses, but eccentric recovery templates break the degeneracy.

  6. Weak deflection angle of charged signal in magnetic fields

    gr-qc 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Weak deflection of charged signals in magnetized black hole spacetimes can be split into gravitational and electromagnetic parts, with magnetic dipole effects entering one order higher than electrostatic effects.

  7. Biases in Tests of General Relativity from Microlensed Gravitational-Wave Signals

    gr-qc 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Microlensing in the wave-optics regime can push standard LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA general-relativity tests to false ~4–4.5σ deviations, even for signals that are perfectly consistent with GR.

  8. Accelerated inference of microlensed gravitational waves with machine learning

    astro-ph.CO 2025-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    A neural posterior estimator trained on wave-optics-microlensed gravitational-wave signals recovers source and lens parameters and Bayes factors consistent with Bilby, about 10 times faster.

  9. Surrogate modeling of gravitational waves microlensed by spherically symmetric potentials

    gr-qc 2025-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

    Surrogate models of the time-domain microlensing amplification factor for point-mass and singular isothermal sphere lenses match numerical waveforms with mismatches below about 5e-4 and evaluate in about 100 ms.

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