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A Practical Theorem on Gravitational Wave Backgrounds
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There is an extremely simple relationship between the spectrum of the gravitational wave background produced by a cosmological distribution of discrete gravitational wave sources, the total time-integrated energy spectrum of an individual source, and the present-day comoving number density of remnants. Stated in this way, the background is entirely independent of the cosmology, and only weakly dependent on the evolutionary history of the sources. This relationship allows one easily to compute the amplitude and spectrum of cosmic gravitational wave backgrounds from a broad range of astrophysical sources, and to evaluate the uncertainties therein.
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Cited by 60 Pith papers
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Effects of Solar Wind Plasma Noise on Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Searches with the LISA-Taiji Network
Solar wind plasma noise correlated between LISA and Taiji can bias stochastic gravitational wave background parameter estimates by up to 19% of Fisher uncertainty under large-scale correlation assumptions.
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The First Upper Bound on the Non-Stationary Gravitational Wave Background and its Implication on the High Redshift Binary Black Hole Merger Rate
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Ultralight Boson Ionization from Comparable-Mass Binary Black Holes
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Artificial Precision Timing Array: bridging the decihertz gravitational-wave sensitivity gap with clock satellites
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Discovery of a close-separation binary quasar at the heart of a z~0.2 merging galaxy and its implications for low-frequency gravitational waves
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The gravitational-wave fingerprint of dynamically assembled primordial black hole cluster seeds in JWST's Little Red Dots
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A "Neutrino Fog" For Gravitational Waves: The Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background from Supernova Neutrino Memory
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LISA Reconstruction Landscape for Metastable Cosmic Strings
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Population statistics of nanohertz gravitational wave sources
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PTA-Compatible Domain Walls at LISA and Taiji: Bayesian Reconstruction and Multiband Inference
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Binary Neutron Star Merger Evolution and r-Process Enrichment in the Milky Way Disk
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Higher-order statistics of the stochastic gravitational wave background from supermassive black hole binaries
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Inferring the population properties of galactic binaries from LISA's stochastic foreground
A neural posterior estimator trained on simulated LISA foreground spectra recovers galactic binary population parameters, including total number, with good accuracy in validation tests.
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Implications of the nanoHertz Gravitational-Wave Background for Galactic Feedback and Massive Black Hole Growth
Fiducial IllustrisTNG, MillenniumTNG, and Simba models under-predict the PTA gravitational-wave background by ~2x, and feedback prescription changes alter the predicted amplitude by factors of 2-10.
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Skewness in the Hellings-Downs curve
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Stochastic gravitational-wave background search using data from five pulsar timing arrays
Combined five-PTA dataset yields posterior on SGWB power-law amplitude and index consistent with nonzero signal but below 5-sigma significance, with reconstructed angular correlations matching the Hellings-Downs prediction.
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Finite source number and finite observation time make PTA gravitational-wave-background Fourier coefficients non-Gaussian, with an analytically computed excess kurtosis and a Cauchy-distributed argument probe.
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Uncertainties in the supermassive black hole abundance and implications for the GW background
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Gravitational Waves from Accretion Disks: Turbulence, Mode Excitation and Prospects for Future Detectors
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Probing Primordial Black Hole Mergers in Clusters with Pulsar Timing Data
Bayesian analysis of IPTA DR2 shows scalar-induced gravitational waves dominate and PBH merger backgrounds are strongly disfavored relative to an astrophysical SMBHB explanation.
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The MeerKAT PTA data release finds a common red noise signal with amplitude log10 A = -14.25 to -14.28, larger than other PTAs, and provides detailed noise models for 83 pulsars.
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Extragalactic Magnetar Giant Flares: Population Implications, Rates and Prospects for Gamma-Rays, Gravitational Waves and Neutrinos
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The NANOGrav 15 Yr Data Set: Removing Pulsars One by One from the Pulsar Timing Array
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Deep Neural Emulation of the Supermassive Black-hole Binary Population
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Gravitational Waves from the Inspiral of Supermassive Black Holes in Galactic-scale Simulations
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Constraining primordial non-Gaussianity and parity-violation through Scalar-Induced Gravitational Waves with next-generation ground-based interferometers
ET+CE forecast: injected SIGW parameters (A_p, f_peak, f_NL, tau_NL, parity-odd tau_tilde_NL) are recovered within 1-2 sigma despite an astrophysical foreground, but the chiral V-mode is sub-threshold (SNR 0.5-1.9).
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Modeling Uncertainties in Modified Gravity Predictions for the Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
Third-generation gravitational-wave detectors can constrain frequency-dependent beyond-GR waveform modifications in the stochastic background, but modified propagation effects remain degenerate with astrophysical popu...
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Searching Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background Landscape Across Frequency Bands
A hybrid cosmic string–domain wall model can fit the NANOGrav 15-year signal, and its high-frequency tail lies within LISA's projected reach, making the interpretation testable.
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Impact of facility timing and coordination for next-generation gravitational-wave detectors
Simulations of ET and CE networks show delays degrade localization metrics far more than SNR, with LIGO India greatly reducing the impact for multi-messenger and stochastic searches.
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Expectations for the first supermassive black-hole binary resolved by PTAs I: Model efficacy
Simulations of PTA data show that a full gravitational-wave signal template achieves the highest Bayes factors and most robust parameter estimation for individual supermassive black hole binaries compared to an Earth-...
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Cosmic Variance in Anisotropy Searches at Pulsar Timing Arrays
Cosmic variance does not create false anisotropy detections in pulsar timing array searches when the correct likelihood is used, and the maximum resolvable multipole scales as the number of pulsars rather than its squ...
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Implications for Pulsar Timing Arrays of Sub-solar Black Hole Detections: From LVK to Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer
A Bayesian analysis shows that a future sub-solar PBH detection would make the primordial SIGW interpretation of PTA data favored over the SMBH interpretation, but this preference is driven by the detection prior.
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Probing Dark Matter Spike with Gravitational Waves from Early EMRIs in the Milky Way Center
Dark matter's drag on black holes spiraling into the Milky Way's central black hole would weaken low-frequency and strengthen high-frequency gravitational waves, a signal LISA or Taiji could potentially detect.
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Exploring the anisotropic gravitational wave background from all-sky mock gravitational wave event catalogues
The angular power spectra of the anisotropic gravitational wave background from local compact binary mergers show a Poisson-like slope and are dominated by the radial distribution of sources within 50 Mpc/h.
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The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Harmonic Analysis of the Pulsar Angular Correlations
A Bayesian harmonic analysis of the NANOGrav 15-year data finds the pulsar angular correlations are dominated by a quadrupole consistent with general relativity, but an unexplained monopole at about 4 nHz reduces the ...
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The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Impacts of Customized Chromatic Noise Models on Gravitational Wave Analyses
Customized chromatic noise models applied to NANOGrav 15 yr data raise the Bayes factor for Hellings-Downs GWB correlations by a factor of ~8, lower the amplitude to 2.1e-15, and increase the spectral index to 3.5.
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Synergies Between Pulsar Timing Array and Astrometry
Joint SKA PTA and astrometry analysis improves gravitational wave background detection sensitivity by 10-50%.
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Gravitational Waves from Primordial Black Holes formed by Null Energy Condition Violation during Inflation
A transient null-energy-condition violation during inflation is shown to produce a four-component gravitational-wave background — primordial, scalar-induced, PBH ringdown, and binary-merger — with only the solar-mass ...
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Sensitivity of Weak Lensing Surveys to Gravitational Waves from Inspiraling Supermassive Black Hole Binaries
Weak lensing surveys cannot detect nanohertz-microhertz gravitational waves from supermassive black hole binaries under realistic conditions; only unattainable idealized surveys could probe this band.
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NANOGrav 15-year gravitational-wave signals from binary supermassive black-holes seeded by primordial black holes, and implications for the origins of Little Red Dots
A PBH abundance of 10^-14–10^-12 of CDM, with seed masses 1–10^3 M_sun, is fitted to the NANOGrav 15-year background via SMBH mergers, consistent with 21-cm limits.
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Model Parameter Reconstruction of Electroweak Phase Transition with TianQin and LISA: Insights from the Dimension-Six Model
Simulations show TianQin and LISA can reconstruct the dimension-six model parameter Λ to sub-percent statistical precision for strong signals using Fisher, Bayesian sampling, and machine learning on data with noise an...
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Upper Limits on the Isotropic Gravitational-Wave Background from the first part of LIGO, Virgo, and KAGRA's fourth Observing Run
No gravitational-wave background is detected in O1-O4a data; the new CBC-spectrum limit Ω_GW(25 Hz) = 2.0×10^-9 (95%) is 1.7x tighter and remains roughly 2-3x above the GWTC-4-predicted astrophysical background of 0.9×10^-9.
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Whispers from the Early Universe: The Ringdown of Primordial Black Holes
The stochastic gravitational wave background from primordial black hole ringdown could be observable by future pulsar timing arrays for solar-mass and heavier black holes, with binary merger signals within reach of ne...
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Multi-Tracer Correlated Stacking: A Novel Way to Discover Anisotropy in nano-Hz Stochastic Gravitational Wave Background
A stacking statistic over galaxy-overdense pixels distinguishes simulated isotropic from AGN-traced anisotropic nanohertz gravitational-wave backgrounds.
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Can quasars, triggered by mergers, account for NANOGrav's stochastic gravitational wave background?
Using the observed quasar luminosity function, the authors show that quasar-associated black hole mergers can reproduce the NANOGrav gravitational wave background if quasar lifetimes are near 3e7 years and most quasar...
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The SKAO Pulsar Timing Array
An SKAO PTA with ~174 millisecond pulsars can dominate nanohertz GW sensitivity within four years and enable continuous-wave detections plus anisotropy maps of the gravitational-wave background.
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Pulsar timing and polarimetry: results and perspectives
A review of pulsar timing and polarimetry, covering the detection of a nanohertz gravitational wave background and limits on ultralight scalar dark matter.
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Searches for stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds
A pedagogical review of methods to detect stochastic gravitational-wave backgrounds, centered on cross-correlation and a Bayesian mixture search for binary black hole mergers.
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