Sonic black holes in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates

J. I. Cirac; J. R. Anglin; L. J. Garay; P. Zoller

RECORD

Sonic black holes in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates

L. J. Garay, J. R. Anglin, J. I. Cirac, P. Zoller

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Submitted 31 May 2000

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim It is shown that there exist both dynamically stable and unstable configurations which, in the hydrodynamic limit, exhibit a behavior completely analogous to that of gravitational black holes.

how it is stated · asserted 1.00 read the record →

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arXiv IDgr-qc/0005131 (version 2)

Pith ID6KDARZYZ, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationJ. I. Cirac, J. R. Anglin, L. J. Garay, P. Zoller. "Sonic black holes in dilute Bose-Einstein condensates." arXiv:gr-qc/0005131 (2000). https://pith.science/paper/6KDARZYZ

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The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

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Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,962 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.04 · states limitation 0.19 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.03 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.04 · compares with prior results 0.12 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

The sonic analog of a gravitational black hole in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated. It is shown that there exist both dynamically stable and unstable configurations which, in the hydrodynamic limit, exhibit a behavior completely analogous to that of gravitational black holes. The dynamical instabilities involve creation of quasiparticle pairs in positive and negative energy states. We illustrate these features in two qualitatively different one-dimensional models, namely, a long, thin condensate with an outcoupler laser beam providing an ``atom sink,'' and a tight ring-shaped condensate. We have also simulated the creation of a stable sonic black hole by solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically for a condensate subject to a trapping potential which is adiabatically deformed. A sonic black hole could in this way be created experimentally with state-of-the-art or planned technology.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	The sonic analog of a gravitational black hole in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated.	contribution 0.73	0.72	0.06	asserted 0.76
s1	It is shown that there exist both dynamically stable and unstable configurations which, in the hydrodynamic limit, exhibit a behavior completely analogous to that of gravitational black holes.	result 1.00	0.88	0.72	asserted 1.00
s2	The dynamical instabilities involve creation of quasiparticle pairs in positive and negative energy states.	result 0.96	0.77	0.11	asserted 1.00
s3	We illustrate these features in two qualitatively different one-dimensional models, namely, a long, thin condensate with an outcoupler laser beam providing an ``atom sink,'' and a tight ring-shaped condensate.	method 0.87	0.88	0.05	asserted 0.99
s4	We have also simulated the creation of a stable sonic black hole by solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically for a condensate subject to a trapping potential which is adiabatically deformed.	method 0.44	0.95	0.12	asserted 0.99
s5	A sonic black hole could in this way be created experimentally with state-of-the-art or planned technology.	interpretation 0.91	0.23	0.34	hedged possibility 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.82 · evidence from simulation or computation 0.84.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

The sonic analog of a gravitational black hole in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates is investigated. It is shown that there exist both dynamically stable and unstable configurations which, in the hydrodynamic limit, exhibit a behavior completely analogous to that of gravitational black holes. The dynamical instabilities involve creation of quasiparticle pairs in positive and negative energy states. We illustrate these features in two qualitatively different one-dimensional models, namely, a long, thin condensate with an outcoupler laser beam providing an ``atom sink,'' and a tight ring-shaped condensate. We have also simulated the creation of a stable sonic black hole by solving the Gross-Pitaevskii equation numerically for a condensate subject to a trapping potential which is adiabatically deformed. A sonic black hole could in this way be created experimentally with state-of-the-art or planned technology.

Human review

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. OpenAlex reports about 303 citations worldwide. Full citation record

Laboratory rivers extremize friction and are cosmological analogues
physics.geo-ph 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

River cross-sectional profiles satisfy the Friedmann equation for an Anti-de Sitter universe; the associated action extremizes friction and dissipation, and the extremum is a maximum by second variation analysis.
Stability analysis of sonic horizons in Bose-Einstein condensates
gr-qc 2006-03 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

In 1D BECs, black-hole-like sonic horizons stay stable under both strict and relaxed boundary conditions, while white-hole and combined black-hole-white-hole configurations become unstable when downstream convergence ...
Smart Holes: Analogue black holes with the right temperature and entropy
hep-th 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

The entropy of a tilted Dirac cone material, integrated across a spatially varying tilt, grows linearly with temperature behind the analogue horizon and can be mapped to BTZ black hole entropy.

How later papers used it

49 later papers cite it

Evidence: some. 44 of the citing papers share no author with it, and 2 of those carry a confident label from Pith's citation classifier.

Pith read 8 of the 72 citing sentences, choosing only those whose citation markers point at this paper alone, and wrote the paraphrases from them. The summary, the counts, the evidence level, the links and the quotes come from code; the summary counts the papers listed below. A later paper is listed under a label when Pith's citation classifier gives one of its sentences that label at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), Pith's reading finds that the citing paper itself did it, and a second check confirms the paraphrase against the sentence. This section lists uses only. It does not list criticism or disagreement, so their absence here says nothing about how the paper has been received. Papers that share an author with this one are listed apart, under "By the same authors". A quote is the citing authors' own sentence, shown when their paper's licence is CC BY, CC BY-SA or CC0. JSON

1 later paper by other authors is listed below: 1 used its method or tool.

Uses its method or tool 1 paper

Employed the idea of using coherent sources from this paper to study a finite size quasi-1D analogue model containing only a single analogue event horizon.

On the existence of steady-state black hole analogues in finite quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensates (2021) · 0.84 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting

How the literature uses it

24 arXiv papers cite this in 39 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers whose main result relates to this one's

Found among the papers closest to this one by title and main claim. Pith's classifier compared each pair's main results and a second model family confirmed the relation; checked against two further families, shown conflicts agreed 118 times in 120 and shown same results 218 times in 239. The quoted sentence is the other paper's main claim.

States the same result 1 paper

It is shown that, in dilute-gas Bose-Einstein condensates, there exist both dynamically stable and unstable configurations which, in the hydrodynamic limit, exhibit a behavior resembling that of gravitational black holes.

Sonic analog of gravitational black holes in Bose-Einstein condensates · 0.98

Papers citing it · 27 sentences without a confident label

Compares with it 1 paper

Comparison of the results obtained with these boundary conditions [ref] with the results that we obtained here, leads to two important conclusions.

Emergent gravity: the BEC paradigm · Discussion · 1.00

Cites it as support 1 paper

Nevertheless, even in a realistic BEC experiment, it should be possible to make a condensate sufficiently long in order for reflection at its boundaries to be negligible for the duration of the experiment [ref] .

Emergent gravity: the BEC paradigm · Summary and conclusions · 0.97

Cites it as background 8 papers

* Bose-Einstein condensate: Garay, Anglin, Cirac, and Zoller showed that Bose-Einstein condensates can be set-up in stable configurations in order to constitute a sonic analogue BH [ref] .

Hydrodynamic simulations of rotating black holes · The late 90's to 2008: Going beyond the horizon in $^3He$ · 0.90
More recent examples of analogue systems dedicated to the study of Hawking-like radiation are Bose-Einstein condensates [ref] ; surface waves in water flows [ref] ; and also nonlinear optics systems [ref] ; and quantum fluids of light [ref] .

Robustness of analogue Hawking radiation in cavities with moving boundaries · Introduction · 0.91
Analogue gravity systems comprise Bose-Einstein condensates and other condensed matter systems [ref] , fluids [ref] , optical systems [ref] and even soap bubbles [ref] and capillary flow [ref] .

Cosmological analogies for geophysical flows, Lagrangians, and new analogue gravity systems · Conclusions · 0.85

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