Measurement of the Atmospheric Muon Spectrum from 20 to 3000 GeV

the L3 Collaboration

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Measurement of the Atmospheric Muon Spectrum from 20 to 3000 GeV

The L3 Collaboration

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Submitted 23 Aug 2004

abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review

The authors' main claim The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 GeV and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285 +- 0.003 (stat.) +- 0.019 (syst.).

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What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.03 · states limitation 0.15 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.03 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.99 · compares with prior results 0.06 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

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The absolute muon flux between 20 GeV and 3000 GeV is measured with the L3 magnetic muon spectrometer for zenith angles ranging from 0 degree to 58 degree. Due to the large exposure of about 150 m2 sr d, and the excellent momentum resolution of the L3 muon chambers, a precision of 2.3 % at 150 GeV in the vertical direction is achieved. The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 GeV and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285 +- 0.003 (stat.) +- 0.019 (syst.).

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	The absolute muon flux between 20 GeV and 3000 GeV is measured with the L3 magnetic muon spectrometer for zenith angles ranging from 0 degree to 58 degree.	contribution 0.77	0.97	0.24	asserted 1.00
s1	Due to the large exposure of about 150 m2 sr d, and the excellent momentum resolution of the L3 muon chambers, a precision of 2.3 % at 150 GeV in the vertical direction is achieved.	result 0.54	0.94	0.11	asserted 1.00
s2	The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 GeV and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285 +- 0.003 (stat.) +- 0.019 (syst.).	result 0.99	0.97	0.26	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 1.00.

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arXiv listing abstract v1

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full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

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P abstract

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S sections
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C citations
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Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

The paper

Original abstract

The absolute muon flux between 20 GeV and 3000 GeV is measured with the L3 magnetic muon spectrometer for zenith angles ranging from 0 degree to 58 degree. Due to the large exposure of about 150 m2 sr d, and the excellent momentum resolution of the L3 muon chambers, a precision of 2.3 % at 150 GeV in the vertical direction is achieved. The ratio of positive to negative muons is studied between 20 GeV and 500 GeV, and the average vertical muon charge ratio is found to be 1.285 +- 0.003 (stat.) +- 0.019 (syst.).

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References

Forward citations

Cited by 3 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

From Earth to Mars and Beyond: AI-Driven Cosmic-Ray Validation and Prediction with CorsikaAgent
hep-ph 2026-10 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

An auditable LLM-driven agent autonomously configures CORSIKA simulations for Earth, Mars, and Venus, producing validated muon flux predictions with retained provenance.
Detecting Muons with a Siemens Biograph Vision Quadra
physics.med-ph 2026-11 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

Atmospheric muons have been detected for the first time with a commercial PET/CT scanner by using time-of-flight to select gantry-crossing events and confirming their angular distribution.
Monitoring the upper atmospheric temperature and interplanetary magnetic field with the GRAPES-3 muon telescope
astro-ph.HE 2026-02 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

From 22 years of GRAPES-3 muon data, the temperature response is -0.224 ± 0.022 %/K and the interplanetary magnetic-field response is -0.574 ± 0.011 %/nT, giving the telescope a possible proxy-monitoring role.

How the literature uses it

9 arXiv papers cite this in 9 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 4 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 1 paper

The mean energy of muons near sea level has been measured to be $∼$4 GeV, and their energy spectrum is flat up to 1 GeV, gradually steepening at higher energies [ref] .

Monitoring the upper atmospheric temperature and interplanetary magnetic field with the GRAPES-3 muon telescope · Introduction · 0.95

Compares with it 1 paper

Figure [ref] shows the comparison within the experimental results from other detectors [ref] .

Measurements of the charge ratio and polarization of cosmic-ray muons with the Super-Kamiokande detector · Charge ratio · 0.89

Cites it as background 3 papers

There are very few measurements [ref] , [ref] , [ref] , [ref] , [ref] for the energy higher than 100 GeV.

Measurement of cosmic muon charge ratio with the Large Volume Detector · Introduction · 0.80
The use of high-energy physics detectors for cosmic ray physics was pioneered by ALEPH [ref] , DELPHI [ref] and L3 [ref] during the Large Electron-Positron (LEP) collider era at CERN.

Study of cosmic ray events with high muon multiplicity using the ALICE detector at the CERN Large Hadron Collider · Introduction · 0.99
The study of cosmic-ray muons in collider detectors was performed in LEP experiments [ref] , and recently by the ALICE collaboration [ref] with multi-muon events during the LHC beam OFF period.

Prospects of measuring the atmospheric muon neutrino and anti-neutrino flux ratio with the ATLAS detector · Introduction · 0.93

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