Newtonian Gravitons and D-brane Collective Coordinates in Wound String Theory

Alberto Guijosa; Martin Kruczenski; Ulf H. Danielsson

REVIEW

Newtonian Gravitons and D-brane Collective Coordinates in Wound String Theory

Ulf H. Danielsson, Alberto Guijosa, Martin Kruczenski

High Energy Physics - Theory · Submitted 20 Dec 2000 · 55 references

Pith's verdict: A careful, honest clarification paper: the w=0 'Newtonian graviton' story is well supported by the amplitude and energy arguments, but the worldsheet derivation of the physical graviton in §2.3 is asserted in a single sentence and is the thing to press.

T0 · AI review

How this review was made: An AI referee (selfhosted/deepseek-v4.1-flash) read the paper on November 13, 2026 and answered a fixed list of questions about it. T0 is the starting level every paper gets. The levels describe how deeply Pith has checked the paper, never the authors.

T0 AI review An AI read the paper and answered a fixed list of questions.
T1 Audit Automatic checks that the references and files the paper relies on exist and match.
T2 Compute The paper's code or calculations re-run with the same results.
T3 Formal statement The claims written out in a formal math language a computer can read.
T4 Proof Those claims proved, and the proof checked by computer.

How Pith checks papers →

· 3 major objections · 7 minor · Ask about this paper · The compiled record · Read the full review →

Challenge this review Comment (0) Read on arXiv ↗

Cite ▾

arXiv IDhep-th/0012183 (version 3)

Pith ID2UUUJPF7, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationAlberto Guijosa, Martin Kruczenski, Ulf H. Danielsson. "Newtonian Gravitons and D-brane Collective Coordinates in Wound String Theory." arXiv:hep-th/0012183 (2000). https://pith.science/paper/2UUUJPF7

Cite this reviewBibTeX for Pith's review of this paper

Claim paper

Why Pith says this

Highlight any text to comment on it.

Editor's note

read the letter

Worth your time if you work in the NCOS/Wound/DLCQ corner. The paper settles what 'no gravitons' actually means in Wound string theory, and the answer is more interesting than the slogan: zero-winding strings survive the limit only at p⊥ = N = 0, they are the sole massless states, and they mediate the instantaneous force Gomis-Ooguri found. That identification is the interpretive core, and it is backed by real computation — the t=0 pole in the Virasoro-Shapiro amplitude (Eq. 2) and the energy formula (3) both force the same conclusion independently. Section 3.1 is a genuine result: the transverse D-brane collective coordinates come back at N=0, and the worldvolume photons turn out to be Newtonian too. Section 4's long-string potential (Eq. 81) matching the bound-state energy shift (Eq. 85) is a clean quantitative check, not hand-waving. The λ discussion in §3.2.1 is also a useful corrective to [11]: the open string spectrum is λ-independent, so λ=0 is a legitimate choice, and the NCOS conventions obscure the parameter dependence. Credit is given to [10,11] where it is due, and the new material is clearly separated from the review material. That is not nothing in this subfield. The soft spot is §2.3. The authors say outright that dropping the ββ̄ term in (12) is 'strictly speaking correct only if w≠0' — so the classifier's 'no limitations found' is wrong, they flag it themselves. But the repair is one sentence: 'If p−=0, for instance, one finds that the state involving γ−1 is unphysical, while the one involving β−1 is spurious.' No mode-by-mode constraint algebra is exhibited, and 'only unwound states with transverse polarizations are truly physical' is asserted rather than shown. That is the load-bearing gap. It does not sink the claim, since (3) and the pole establish existence independently, but the worldsheet derivation of the physical graviton is not demonstrated. On the reader's δ-scaling worry: I think that one is overstated. Eq. (4) is a three-point decay, so A is a finite vertex with no t-channel pole, and the δ^((D−2)/2) suppression stands; the p⊥=0 codimension argument underwrites 'negligible' on its own. Real rigor gap, not the central one. This is a paper for people already inside the NCOS/Wound/DLCQ conversation. Send it out, and ask the referee specifically for the §2.3 constraint algebra.

Referee report

Significance

The identification of the unwound strings as the carriers of the instantaneous force found in [11] is a genuine conceptual clarification, and it resolves an apparent tension between the absence of asymptotic gravitons and the existence of supergravity duals for longitudinal branes. The transverse-brane spectrum of Section 3.1 and the short/long string dictionary of Section 4 are new and checkable, the latter resting on an explicit energy matching between the probe potential and the F1/Dp bound-state energy. The paper is methodologically careful in cross-checking the parent-theory limit against the worldsheet formalism, and it states its formulas explicitly enough that the derivations can be reproduced. The main results are analytic rather than numerical, so there are no machine-checked proofs or code to credit, but the derivations are parameter-free once the limit is fixed.

Major objections (3)

[Section 2.3, Eqs. (20)-(21) and the paragraph that follows] The authors state that dropping the beta-beta-bar term in (12) is 'strictly speaking correct only if w is nonzero', and that for w=0 one must retain the (l_s/L_s)^2 pieces so that L_{+-1} acquire the terms needed to remove negative-norm states. The demonstration is a single sentence: 'If p_-=0, for instance, one finds that the state involving gamma_{-1} is unphysical, while the one involving beta_{-1} is spurious.' No matrix elements are exhibited. Since the stated purpose of Section 2.3 is to check that the Gomis-Ooguri formalism reproduces the w=0 states, and since the paper's own analysis shows that with the truncated L_n 'all polarizations are physical' and negative-norm states survive, this step should be shown explicitly: the action of L_1 and L_{-1} on gamma_{-1}|0> and beta_{-1}|0> at leading and subleading order in (l_s/L_s)^2, with the resulting identification of unphysical versus spurious states. As it stands the worldsheet route to the transverse graviton is asserted rather than derived. This does not by itself threaten the existence claim, which is independently supported by the energy formula (3) and the t=0 pole of Eq. (2), but it does undercut the claim that the worldsheet formalism captures all properties of the theory.
[Sections 2.1 and 2.2, Eqs. (3), (5)-(9)] The two sections use 'transverse momentum' in two different senses. In Section 2.1 the surviving w=0 states are said to have 'vanishing transverse momentum', which from (3) is the condition k_perp=0 on the coordinate momentum. In Section 2.2 the delta function forces the emitted w=0 string to |k_2| of order sqrt(delta), i.e., a finite proper momentum p_2 = k_2/sqrt(delta). These are consistent only if 'vanishing' is understood as k_perp going to zero with p_perp finite, but the text moves between k_perp and p_perp without saying so. A sentence stating which quantity is constrained, and hence in what sense the asymptotic states are measure-zero, would remove an ambiguity that bears directly on the 'negligible as asymptotic states' half of the central claim. Relatedly, the delta^((D-2)/2) suppression of Eq. (8) and the codimension-(D-2) measure argument are logically independent supports for the same conclusion; the paper sometimes presents them as a single argument, and it would be clearer to separate them.
[Section 4, Eqs. (81)-(85)] The identification of the long string with the wound closed string rests on matching the constant Delta E obtained from the probe potential (81) to the change in the bound-state energy (85) when the string density nu changes by one unit. The text asserts the match in one sentence, but the nu-dependence of the two displayed expressions is not obviously the same, and the reader must reconstruct the cancellation. Since this matching is the quantitative core of the abstract's claim that the closed strings are described by long strings on the supergravity side, an explicit line showing delta E and its agreement with (83) should be given, together with a statement of which quantity (nu or the integer N) is being varied.

Minor objections (7)

[Section 2.3, after Eq. (33)] The statement that 'contrary to what the authors of [11] appear to indicate, for w>0 there are physical states in the theory polarized along the parallel directions (i.e., having N_parallel nonzero)' is a direct disagreement with a published analysis, stated without an explicit state. Either exhibit one such state with its polarization and level-matching check, or soften the wording to indicate that the OCQ analysis does not exclude it.
[Section 2.3, Eq. (15)] The derivation of the fermionic action is compressed into one sentence invoking the identity integral dtheta exp(-A theta) = A integral dtheta exp(-theta). The meaning of this identity and how it removes g_ii from the path integral should be spelled out, since the resulting b-c system of weight 1/2 is used as a structural statement about the theory.
[Section 2.3, Eq. (28) and the discussion of lambda] The closed-string spectrum depends on lambda through lambda w R/L_s^2, while the open-string spectrum (65) does not. The paper concludes that lambda is a convention and sets lambda=0. Since lambda shifts the energy of each winding sector by a w-dependent constant, a sentence noting that this is a choice of the zero of energy in each superselection sector, rather than a symmetry of the theory, would clarify why setting lambda=0 is legitimate.
[Section 3.1, the fractional-winding stretched string] The statement that a string between two transverse branes separated by L 'can thus be regarded as a particular case of the wound open strings ... with fractional winding number w = L/(2 pi R)' deserves one sentence of justification, since such a string carries no net F-string winding on the compact circle. The claim that these strings have arbitrary real Newtonian mass mu = L/(2 pi L_s^2) rests on this identification.
[Section 4, Eq. (92)] The claim that the surviving solutions of the linearized Einstein equation 'can be seen to correspond to the Newtonian gravitons' is not shown. Either exhibit one such perturbation explicitly or soften the claim to a consistency remark.
[Section 2.3, Eqs. (35)-(36)] The Galilean boost acts on beta and beta-bar with field-dependent terms involving partial X^i and partial (gamma - gamma-bar). A remark on whether these transformations close off-shell, or only on the constraint surface, would be useful for readers who want to use the symmetry.
[Section 2.1, first paragraph] The phrase 'for all four vertices' is odd in the context of a four-point amplitude; presumably 'for all external states' is meant. This should be corrected for clarity.

How Pith checks papers → · Full audit of this paper →

The paper

The paper claims

The paper argues that Wound string theory does contain a graviton, but only as an off-shell, zero-momentum carrier of instantaneous Newtonian forces, not as a propagating asymptotic particle.

The reading

The paper asks how gravity can be present in Wound string theory, the ten-dimensional limit in which every object must carry positive winding around a compact direction, and answers that the theory keeps a special set of zero-winding closed strings. These include the graviton, dilaton, and antisymmetric tensor, but they survive only with zero transverse momentum and zero oscillator number, so on shell they are a zero-measure set and cannot appear as ordinary asymptotic particles. Off shell their transverse momentum is unrestricted, and because they are the only massless states they mediate the instantaneous long-range force found earlier by Gomis and Ooguri; the metric rescaling makes the transverse speed of light infinite. The same exception supplies the collective coordinates and gauge field for transverse D-branes, and the paper checks the picture both by taking the limit in the parent string theory and by handling the $w=0$ case in the Gomis-Ooguri worldsheet formalism.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the unwound closed string with zero winding, zero transverse momentum, and zero oscillator number. Its survival is read off from the parent closed-string energy formula: as $k_=0$ ensures that any $w=0$ state with nonzero transverse momentum or oscillators has energy diverging like $k_=0$, so only the massless corner remains. The paper then uses a phase-space argument: the decay rate into a $w=0$ string scales as $k_=0$ relative to the $w>0$ channel, which is what makes the graviton negligible asymptotically while still available off shell as a force carrier. In the worldsheet treatment, the same states require retaining the $(l_s/L_s)^2$ terms that are dropped for $w>0$, because otherwise the Virasoro constraints fail to remove negative-norm states.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that Wound string theory is not graviton-free in the naive sense: it contains exceptional unwound closed strings with $w=0$, including a graviton, which are the only massless objects in the spectrum. On shell these states are forced to have $k_=0$ and $N_L=N_R=0$, so they form a negligible zero-measure set of asymptotic states; off shell they are the sole mediators of the instantaneous Newtonian interactions between wound strings and D-branes. The paper extends this to open strings on transverse D-branes, where $w=0$, $N=0$ states give the expected collective coordinates and Newtonian photons, and it identifies the supergravity counterparts as short strings (open) and long strings (closed).

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the rate for producing an unwound string really scales as $k_=0$ relative to the wound channel, with the amplitude staying finite as $k_=0$; that parametric estimate is what makes 'negligible as asymptotic states' true.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

Gravity in Wound string theory is Newtonian: macroscopic sources set up gravitational fields, but there are no finite-time gravitational waves or on-shell gravitons in the asymptotic spectrum.
Long-range forces between wound strings, and between D-branes, are mediated by off-shell $w=0$ closed strings and are instantaneous because the transverse speed of light diverges in the limit.
A transverse D-brane's worldvolume theory contains the usual collective coordinates and gauge field from $w=0$ open strings, but its photons and scalar fluctuations are Newtonian and the brane can only translate rigidly.
On the supergravity side, open strings attached to longitudinal D-branes are short strings confined near the horizon, while the closed wound strings are long strings that can reach the boundary and see asymptotically flat space.
The same construction should apply to other Wrapped brane theories, which inherit Newtonian gravitons carrying momentum only along the directions that are not scaled to zero.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the zero-measure argument is right, it gives a general diagnostic for decoupling limits: a massless state that survives only at zero transverse momentum is a force mediator, not an asymptotic particle, and the same test can be applied to other non-relativistic or Galilean limits.
The paper's picture suggests that 'gravity without gravitons' could be a controlled setting for asking which quantum-gravity puzzles depend on finite-speed gravitational degrees of freedom and which survive when the carrier is instantaneous.
At finite temperature the wound strings are known to be liberated near the Hagedorn transition; checking whether the $w=0$ Newtonian gravitons then remain a zero-measure set would test how robust the asymptotic-negligibility claim is beyond tree level.
The short/long string identification gives a concrete bulk-boundary dictionary to probe: long-string potential calculations in the supergravity background should reproduce the wound closed-string spectrum and the energy cost of pulling a string out of the brane.

Original abstract

Recently it was shown that NCOS theories are part of a ten-dimensional theory known as Non-relativistic Wound string theory. We clarify the sense in which gravity is present in this theory. We show that Wound string theory contains exceptional unwound strings, including a graviton, which mediate the previously discovered instantaneous long-range interactions, but are negligible as asymptotic states. Unwound strings also provide the expected collective coordinates for the transverse D-branes in the theory. These and other results are shown to follow both from a direct analysis of the effect of the NCOS limit on the parent string theory, and from the worldsheet formalism developed by Gomis and Ooguri, about which we make some additional remarks. We also devote some attention to supergravity duals, and in particular show that the open and closed strings of the theory are respectively described by short and long strings on the supergravity side.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13-20260917 via OpenRouter, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 4,961 input tokens, $0.0002 reported.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.05 · states limitation 0.32 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.02 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.04 · compares with prior results 0.67 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v3. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Recently it was shown that NCOS theories are part of a ten-dimensional theory known as Non-relativistic Wound string theory. We clarify the sense in which gravity is present in this theory. We show that Wound string theory contains exceptional unwound strings, including a graviton, which mediate the previously discovered instantaneous long-range interactions, but are negligible as asymptotic states. Unwound strings also provide the expected collective coordinates for the transverse D-branes in the theory. These and other results are shown to follow both from a direct analysis of the effect of the NCOS limit on the parent string theory, and from the worldsheet formalism developed by Gomis and Ooguri, about which we make some additional remarks. We also devote some attention to supergravity duals, and in particular show that the open and closed strings of the theory are respectively described by short and long strings on the supergravity side.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Recently it was shown that NCOS theories are part of a ten-dimensional theory known as Non-relativistic Wound string theory.	background 1.00	0.05	0.05	asserted 1.00
s1	We clarify the sense in which gravity is present in this theory.	contribution 0.85	0.65	0.06	unclear 0.62
s2	We show that Wound string theory contains exceptional unwound strings, including a graviton, which mediate the previously discovered instantaneous long-range interactions, but are negligible as asymptotic states.	result 0.98	0.94	0.67	asserted 1.00
s3	Unwound strings also provide the expected collective coordinates for the transverse D-branes in the theory.	result 0.99	0.83	0.11	asserted 0.99
s4	These and other results are shown to follow both from a direct analysis of the effect of the NCOS limit on the parent string theory, and from the worldsheet formalism developed by Gomis and Ooguri, about which we make some additional remarks.	method 0.94	0.86	0.09	asserted 1.00
s5	We also devote some attention to supergravity duals, and in particular show that the open and closed strings of the theory are respectively described by short and long strings on the supergravity side.	result 0.82	0.91	0.07	asserted 1.00

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 1.00.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v3

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

References

Works cited (55)

[11]

J. Gomis and H. Ooguri, “Non-relativistic closed string theory,” hep-th/0009181

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[1]

A. Connes, M. R. Douglas and A. Schwarz, “Noncommutative geo metry and matrix theory: Compactiﬁcation on tori,” JHEP 9802, 003 (1998), hep-th/9711162

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[2]

M. R. Douglas and C. Hull, “D-branes and the noncommutative tor us,” JHEP 9802, 008 (1998), hep-th/9711165

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[3]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, “String theory and noncommutative ge ometry,” JHEP 9909, 032 (1999), hep-th/9908142

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[4]

N. Seiberg, L. Susskind and N. Toumbas, “Strings in background electric ﬁeld, space/time non-commutativity and a new noncritical string theory,” JHEP 0006, 021 (2000), hep-th/0005040

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[5]

R. Gopakumar, J. Maldacena, S. Minwalla and A. Strominger, “S-d uality and noncommutative gauge theory,” JHEP 0006, 036 (2000), hep-th/0005048

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[6]

R. Gopakumar, S. Minwalla, N. Seiberg and A. Strominger, “OM the ory in diverse dimensions,” JHEP 0008, 008 (2000), hep-th/0006062

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[7]

E. Bergshoeﬀ, D. S. Berman, J. P. van der Schaar and P. Sunde ll, “Critical ﬁelds on the M5-brane and noncommutative open strings,” Phys. Lett. B492, 193 (2000), hep-th/0006112

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[8]

T. Harmark, “Open branes in space-time non-commutative little s tring theory,” Nucl. Phys. B593, 76 (2001), hep-th/0007147

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001
[9]

I. R. Klebanov and J. Maldacena, “1+1 dimensional NCOS and its U( N) gauge theory dual,” hep-th/0006085. 28

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[10]

U. H. Danielsson, A. G¨ uijosa and M. Kruczenski, “IIA/B, woun d and wrapped,” JHEP 0010, 020 (2000), hep-th/0009182

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[12]

S. S. Gubser, S. Gukov, I. R. Klebanov, M. Rangamani and E. W itten, “The Hagedorn transition in non-commutative open string theory,” hep- th/0009140

View on Pith
[13]

S. Hyun, “U-duality between NCOS theory and matrix theory,” hep-th/0008213

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[14]

N. Seiberg, “Why is the matrix model correct?,” Phys. Rev. Let t. 79, 3577 (1997), hep-th/9710009

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[15]

S. Hellerman and J. Polchinski, “Compactiﬁcation in the lightlike limit,” Phys. Rev. D59, 125002 (1999), hep-th/9711037

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[16]

A. Sen, “D0 branes on Tn and matrix theory,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 51 (1998), hep-th/9709220

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[17]

T. Banks, W. Fischler, S. H. Shenker and L. Susskind, “M theor y as a matrix model: A conjecture,” Phys. Rev. D55, 5112 (1997), hep-th/9610043

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[18]

L. Susskind, “Another conjecture about M(atrix) theory,” hep-th/9704080

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[19]

T. Harmark, “Supergravity and space-time non-commutative open string the- ory,” JHEP 0007, 043 (2000), hep-th/0006023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[20]

J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press (1998), Vol. 1

View on Pith 1998
[21]

C. P. Herzog and I. R. Klebanov, “Stable massive states in 1+1 d imensional NCOS,” hep-th/0009017

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[22]

F. Kristiansson and P. Rajan, “Wound string scattering in NCOS theory,” hep-th/0011054

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[23]

T. Maskawa and K. Yamawaki, “The Problem Of P+ = O Mode In The N ull Plane Field Theory And Dirac’s Method Of Quantization,” Prog. Theor. Phys. 56, 270 (1976)

View on Pith 1976
[24]

H. C. Pauli and S. J. Brodsky, “Discretized Light Cone Quantiza tion: Solution To A Field Theory In One Space One Time Dimensions,” Phys. Rev. D32, 2001 (1985)

View on Pith 1985
[25]

V. T. Kim, V. A. Matveev, G. B. Pivovarov and J. P. Vary, “The c hallenge of light-front quantisation: Recent results,” hep-th/0011272. 29

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[26]

A. Bilal, “Remarks on deﬁning the DLCQ of quantum ﬁeld theory as a light-like limit,” hep-th/9909220

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[27]

A. Bilal, “A comment on compactiﬁcation of M-theory on an (almos t) light-like circle,” Nucl. Phys. B521, 202 (1998) hep-th/9801047

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[28]

A. Bilal, “DLCQ of M-theory as the light-like limit,” Phys. Lett. B435, 312 (1998), hep-th/9805070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[29]

S. Uehara and S. Yamada, “On the DLCQ as a light-like limit in string t heory,” Nucl. Phys. B591, 77 (2000), hep-th/0008146

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[30]

P. Haggi-Mani, U. Lindstr¨ om and M. Zabzine, “Boundary condit ions, supersym- metry and A-ﬁeld coupling for an open string in a B-ﬁeld background,” Phys. Lett. B483, 443 (2000) hep-th/0004061

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[31]

F. Ardalan, H. Arfaei and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, “Noncommuta tive geometry from strings and branes,” JHEP 9902, 016 (1999), hep-th/9810072

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[32]

C. Chu and P. Ho, “Noncommutative open string and D-brane,” N ucl. Phys. B550, 151 (1999), hep-th/9812219

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[33]

F. Ardalan, H. Arfaei and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, “Dirac quantiz ation of open strings and noncommutativity in branes,” Nucl. Phys. B576, 578 (2000), hep-th/9906161

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[34]

C. Chu and P. Ho, “Constrained quantization of open string in ba ckground B ﬁeld and noncommutative D-brane,” Nucl. Phys. B568, 447 (2000), hep-th/9906192

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[35]

A. Abouelsaood, C. G. Callan, C. R. Nappi and S. A. Yost, “Open Strings In Background Gauge Fields,” Nucl. Phys. B 280, 599 (1987)

View on Pith 1987
[36]

Y. Kiem and S. Lee, “UV/IR mixing in noncommutative ﬁeld theory v ia open string loops,” Nucl. Phys. B 586, 303 (2000), hep-th/0003145

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[37]

V. Sahakian, “The phases of 2-D NCOS,” JHEP 0009, 025 (2000), hep-th/0008073

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[38]

J. Maldacena, “The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Su- pergravity,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231, hep-th/9711200

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[39]

J. Maldacena, J. Michelson, A. Strominger, “Anti de Sitter fra gmentation”, JHEP 02(1999) 011, hep-th/9812073

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[40]

N. Seiberg, E.Witten, “The D1/D5 system and singular CFT”, JHE P 04 (1999) 017, hep-th/9903224

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[41]

J. Maldacena and H. Ooguri, “Strings in AdS 3 and SL(2,R ) WZW model. I,” hep-th/0001053. 30

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[42]

G. T. Horowitz and A. Strominger, “Black strings and P-branes ,” Nucl. Phys. B360, 197 (1991)

View on Pith 1991
[43]

J. Polchinski, “Dirichlet-Branes and Ramond-Ramond Charges,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4724 (1995), hep-th/9510017

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995
[44]

S. S. Gubser, A. Hashimoto, I. R. Klebanov and M. Krasnitz, “S calar absorption and the breaking of the world volume conformal invariance,” Nucl. Ph ys. B526, 393 (1998), hep-th/9803023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[45]

S. S. Gubser and A. Hashimoto, “Exact absorption probabilities for the D3- brane,” Commun. Math. Phys. 203 (1999) 325, hep-th/9805140

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[46]

K. Intriligator, “Maximally supersymmetric RG ﬂows and AdS dualit y,” hep-th/9909082

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[47]

U. H. Danielsson, A. G¨ uijosa, M. Kruczenski and B. Sundborg , “D3-brane holog- raphy,” JHEP 0005, 028 (2000), hep-th/0004187

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000
[48]

L. Rastelli and M. Van Raamsdonk, “A note on dilaton absorption and near- infrared D3 brane holography,” hep-th/0011044

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[49]

C. Callan and J. Maldacena, “Brane Dynamics from the Born-Inf eld Action,” Nucl. Phys. B513 (1998) 198, hep-th/9708147

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[50]

G. Gibbons, “Born-Infeld Particles and Dirichlet p-branes”, Nucl. Phys. B514 (1998) 603, hep-th/9709027

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[51]

D. S. Berman, V. L. Campos, M. Cederwall, U. Gran, H. Larsson , M. Nielsen, B. E. W. Nilsson, and P. Sundell, “Holographic noncommuta tiv- ity,” hep-th/0011282

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[52]

P. Sundell, “Spin ( p + 1 ,p + 1) covariant D p-brane bound states,” hep-th/0011283

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[53]

A. Hashimoto and N. Itzhaki, “Traveling faster than the speed of light in non- commutative geometry,” hep-th/0012093

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[54]

A. Hashimoto and N. Itzhaki, “Non-commutative Yang-Mills and t he AdS/CFT correspondence,” Phys. Lett. B465, 142 (1999), hep-th/9907166

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[55]

J. M. Maldacena and J. G. Russo, “Large N limit of non-commutative gauge theories,” JHEP 9909, 025 (1999), hep-th/9908134. 31

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

Forward citations

Cited by 18 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

From Galilei to Euclidean Carroll and the Alice Particle: The Times They Are a-Changin'
hep-th 2026-07 accept novelty 7.5 of 10

Making time transversal turns p-brane Galilei limits into Euclidean p-brane Carroll limits, yielding for p=0 a centrally extended Alice algebra and Alice particle obtained from critical tachyon limits or two-time null...
Heterotic String Sigma Models: Discrete Light Cone Quantization and Its Current-Current Deformation
hep-th 2025-05 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

The authors build a heterotic nonrelativistic string sigma model, show it defines heterotic string theory in DLCQ via T-duality, and recover the relativistic heterotic string through a current-current deformation.
Nonrelativistic String Theory in Background Fields
hep-th 2019-05 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

The authors derive the one-loop equations of motion for string Newton-Cartan geometry, Kalb-Ramond field, and dilaton that make the nonrelativistic string worldsheet theory Weyl invariant.
Galilean Conformal Algebras and AdS/CFT
hep-th 2009-02 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

A parametric contraction of the relativistic conformal group yields a Galilean conformal algebra with an infinite Virasoro-Kac-Moody extension, realized as asymptotic isometries of an AdS2 singled out in a Newton-Cart...
Non-Relativistic Superstrings: A New Soluble Sector of AdS_5xS^5
hep-th 2005-07 conditional novelty 7.0 of 10

A non-relativistic limit of strings in AdS5xS5 yields a worldsheet theory that, after gauge fixing, is a free supersymmetric field theory in AdS2.

Show 13 more citing papers

Pohlmeyer reduction of Newton-Cartan strings
hep-th 2026-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Non-relativistic strings on a Newton-Cartan R×S^2 background reduce to a tachyonic Klein-Gordon field with an e(2) Lax pair, matching the 1/c^2 expansion of relativistic strings near the two sine-Gordon vacua.
Curvatures and Non-metricities in the Non-Relativistic Limit of Bosonic Supergravity
hep-th 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A metric-only, torsionless-connection formulation with fixed non-metricities rewrites the non-relativistic limit of bosonic supergravity covariantly and matches the vielbein string Newton-Cartan action at Lagrangian level.
Matrix Theory Reloaded: A BPS Road to Holography
hep-th 2024-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A single asymptotic BPS decoupling limit applied to a D-brane geometry reproduces the bulk near-horizon limit, motivating a DLCQ^n/DLCQ^m conjecture for holography and new p-brane T-Tbar flow equations.
Worldsheet Formalism for Decoupling Limits in String Theory
hep-th 2023-11 unverdicted novelty 6.0 of 10

Develops worldsheet sigma model for fundamental strings in critical type IIA limit showing nodal singularities and derives T-duality web unifying decoupling limits including ambitwistor and Carrollian strings.
Nonrelativistic Open String and Yang-Mills Theory
hep-th 2020-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Nonrelativistic open strings ending on n coincident D-branes are shown to give rise, at low energy, to a Galilean-invariant U(n) Yang-Mills theory, derived from the worldsheet and matched to a Galilean Dirac-Born-Infe...
A worldsheet supersymmetric Newton-Cartan string
hep-th 2019-07 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The paper derives a locally worldsheet-supersymmetric action for a string in a torsional Newton-Cartan background by applying the O(D,D)-covariant doubled string action to a non-Riemannian parametrisation of the gener...
Non-Riemannian geometry of M-theory
hep-th 2019-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A maximally non-Riemannian E8(8) background with vanishing projector is moduli-free and provides a non-singular origin for the topological phase of exceptional field theory.
Carrollian bosonic supergravity at order $\alpha'$ and the universal cancellation of higher-curvature divergences
hep-th 2026-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Four-derivative and higher pure-gravitational α' corrections to bosonic supergravity admit a finite Carrollian limit, with an explicit action and a universal finiteness criterion for Riem^N terms.
On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography
hep-th 2025-02 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Standard AdS/CFT duality is reinterpreted as D-brane/black-brane duality in nonrelativistic D3-brane theory, with AdS5×S5 as a relativistic bubble in flat 3-Newton-Cartan geometry.
On the Non-Relativistic Expansion of Closed Bosonic Strings
hep-th 2021-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A 1/c squared expansion of the relativistic closed bosonic string reproduces the known non-relativistic string action and spectrum without needing a near-critical Kalb-Ramond field.
Non-relativistic Strings: Classical solutions and exactly solvable models
hep-th 2025-04 reject novelty 4.0 of 10

Non-relativistic strings on R x S2 admit spinning and pulsating solutions whose leading and next-to-leading order dynamics are cast as Neumann-Rosochatius-like solvable models with Bohr-Sommerfeld energy spectra.
An Introduction to String Newton-Cartan Holography and Integrability
hep-th 2026-03 accept novelty 3.0 of 10

String Newton-Cartan holography, the non-relativistic limit of the AdS/CFT correspondence, is organized and reviewed around five consistency conditions, with its classical solutions, spectrum, and integrability structure.
Aspects of Nonrelativistic Strings
hep-th 2022-02 accept novelty 1.0 of 10

Nonrelativistic string theory is presented as a self-contained, unitary, UV-complete corner of string theory linked by T-duality to the DLCQ of relativistic strings and to torsional string Newton-Cartan geometry.

How the literature uses it

37 arXiv papers cite this in 142 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 114 sentences without a confident label

Contests it 1 paper

Considering the usual radial quantization on the complex plane, for a closed string one enforces the natural periodicity conditions [equation] where $w>0$ is the string winding along the compact $x^1$ direction.[As explained in [ref] , the derivation of the action ([ref]) in [ref] implicitly assumes positive string winding, and therefore leads to physically incorrect results for on-shell closed strings with $w≤0$.]

Geometry from D-branes in Nonrelativistic String Theory · NR string theory · contest 0.89

Builds on it 1 paper

We expect to have [equation] The leading-order terms were already shown to arise in [ref] ; here we are interested in working out the $O(δ)$ terms.

Geometry from D-branes in Nonrelativistic String Theory · Background description · 0.80

Compares with it 3 papers

Altogether, then, we find that the results of [ref] and [ref] converge nicely, in a quite unexpected manner.

On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography · Outline and main results · 0.83
Up to $𝒪(1)$, this is the result of [ref] when taking $B=1/2$ (see also [ref] ).

Nonrelativistic Approximations of Closed Bosonic String Theory · The Gomis–Ooguri spectrum in the presence of a $B$-field · 1.00
If we compare the Carrollian limit with its equivalent non-relativistic one [ref] - [ref] (see [ref] - [ref] for reviews) studied in [ref] , important differences emerge.

Carrollian bosonic supergravity at order $\alpha'$ and the universal cancellation of higher-curvature divergences · Discussion · 0.97

Cites it as support 1 paper

At the end of the previous section, we have found that, by bringing together the developments in [ref] and [ref] , holographic duality for D$p$-branes [ref] is revealed to be exactly the same statement as open-string/closed-string duality, i.e., D-brane/black-brane duality, in the nonrelativistic D$p$-brane theory of [ref] .

On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography · Nonrelativity in Relativistic Holography · 0.97

Cites it as background 13 papers

Another aspect scrutinized in [ref] was the relation between NCOS and its gravity dual.

Geometry from D-branes in Nonrelativistic String Theory · Introduction and Summary · 0.92
It can be studied either as a special limit (given below in Eq. ([ref])) of any one of the standard string theories [ref] , or starting from an intrinsic worldsheet definition that makes no reference to a limit [ref] .[Makes no reference, that is, after having been itself obtained by applying the same limit once and for all at the level of the Polyakov action.] Its most prominent features are: a spacetime foliation that distinguishes time and one other `longitudinal' direction from the remaining `transverse' directions; the nonrelativistic character of the transverse dynamics, complemented by relativistic dynamics within the worldvolume of longitudinal D-branes; and the slimming down of the spectrum, such that the theory almost exclusively contains strings and other branes that carry positive string winding along the longitudinal direction.[This feature motivated the alternative name `wo

On the Underlying Nonrelativistic Nature of Relativistic Holography · Antecedents · 0.99
The string NR limit is $c→∞$ with the following scaling for the parameters and coordinates:[For historical reasons, the original works [ref] phrased the NR limit as $δ→0$ in units where the relativistic string length $l̂_s=√(δ) l_s→0$.

Asymptotically Nonrelativistic String Backgrounds · NR Black String · 0.96

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

[1] [11]

J. Gomis and H. Ooguri, “Non-relativistic closed string theory,” hep-th/0009181

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[2] [1]

A. Connes, M. R. Douglas and A. Schwarz, “Noncommutative geo metry and matrix theory: Compactiﬁcation on tori,” JHEP 9802, 003 (1998), hep-th/9711162

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[3] [2]

M. R. Douglas and C. Hull, “D-branes and the noncommutative tor us,” JHEP 9802, 008 (1998), hep-th/9711165

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[4] [3]

N. Seiberg and E. Witten, “String theory and noncommutative ge ometry,” JHEP 9909, 032 (1999), hep-th/9908142

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[5] [4]

N. Seiberg, L. Susskind and N. Toumbas, “Strings in background electric ﬁeld, space/time non-commutativity and a new noncritical string theory,” JHEP 0006, 021 (2000), hep-th/0005040

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[6] [5]

R. Gopakumar, J. Maldacena, S. Minwalla and A. Strominger, “S-d uality and noncommutative gauge theory,” JHEP 0006, 036 (2000), hep-th/0005048

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[7] [6]

R. Gopakumar, S. Minwalla, N. Seiberg and A. Strominger, “OM the ory in diverse dimensions,” JHEP 0008, 008 (2000), hep-th/0006062

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[8] [7]

E. Bergshoeﬀ, D. S. Berman, J. P. van der Schaar and P. Sunde ll, “Critical ﬁelds on the M5-brane and noncommutative open strings,” Phys. Lett. B492, 193 (2000), hep-th/0006112

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[9] [8]

T. Harmark, “Open branes in space-time non-commutative little s tring theory,” Nucl. Phys. B593, 76 (2001), hep-th/0007147

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2001

[10] [9]

I. R. Klebanov and J. Maldacena, “1+1 dimensional NCOS and its U( N) gauge theory dual,” hep-th/0006085. 28

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[11] [10]

U. H. Danielsson, A. G¨ uijosa and M. Kruczenski, “IIA/B, woun d and wrapped,” JHEP 0010, 020 (2000), hep-th/0009182

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[12] [12]

S. S. Gubser, S. Gukov, I. R. Klebanov, M. Rangamani and E. W itten, “The Hagedorn transition in non-commutative open string theory,” hep- th/0009140

View on Pith

[13] [13]

S. Hyun, “U-duality between NCOS theory and matrix theory,” hep-th/0008213

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[14] [14]

N. Seiberg, “Why is the matrix model correct?,” Phys. Rev. Let t. 79, 3577 (1997), hep-th/9710009

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[15] [15]

S. Hellerman and J. Polchinski, “Compactiﬁcation in the lightlike limit,” Phys. Rev. D59, 125002 (1999), hep-th/9711037

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[16] [16]

A. Sen, “D0 branes on Tn and matrix theory,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2, 51 (1998), hep-th/9709220

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[17] [17]

T. Banks, W. Fischler, S. H. Shenker and L. Susskind, “M theor y as a matrix model: A conjecture,” Phys. Rev. D55, 5112 (1997), hep-th/9610043

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997

[18] [18]

L. Susskind, “Another conjecture about M(atrix) theory,” hep-th/9704080

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[19] [19]

T. Harmark, “Supergravity and space-time non-commutative open string the- ory,” JHEP 0007, 043 (2000), hep-th/0006023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[20] [20]

J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press (1998), Vol. 1

View on Pith 1998

[21] [21]

C. P. Herzog and I. R. Klebanov, “Stable massive states in 1+1 d imensional NCOS,” hep-th/0009017

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[22] [22]

F. Kristiansson and P. Rajan, “Wound string scattering in NCOS theory,” hep-th/0011054

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[23] [23]

T. Maskawa and K. Yamawaki, “The Problem Of P+ = O Mode In The N ull Plane Field Theory And Dirac’s Method Of Quantization,” Prog. Theor. Phys. 56, 270 (1976)

View on Pith 1976

[24] [24]

H. C. Pauli and S. J. Brodsky, “Discretized Light Cone Quantiza tion: Solution To A Field Theory In One Space One Time Dimensions,” Phys. Rev. D32, 2001 (1985)

View on Pith 1985

[25] [25]

V. T. Kim, V. A. Matveev, G. B. Pivovarov and J. P. Vary, “The c hallenge of light-front quantisation: Recent results,” hep-th/0011272. 29

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[26] [26]

A. Bilal, “Remarks on deﬁning the DLCQ of quantum ﬁeld theory as a light-like limit,” hep-th/9909220

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[27] [27]

A. Bilal, “A comment on compactiﬁcation of M-theory on an (almos t) light-like circle,” Nucl. Phys. B521, 202 (1998) hep-th/9801047

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[28] [28]

A. Bilal, “DLCQ of M-theory as the light-like limit,” Phys. Lett. B435, 312 (1998), hep-th/9805070

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[29] [29]

S. Uehara and S. Yamada, “On the DLCQ as a light-like limit in string t heory,” Nucl. Phys. B591, 77 (2000), hep-th/0008146

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[30] [30]

P. Haggi-Mani, U. Lindstr¨ om and M. Zabzine, “Boundary condit ions, supersym- metry and A-ﬁeld coupling for an open string in a B-ﬁeld background,” Phys. Lett. B483, 443 (2000) hep-th/0004061

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[31] [31]

F. Ardalan, H. Arfaei and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, “Noncommuta tive geometry from strings and branes,” JHEP 9902, 016 (1999), hep-th/9810072

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[32] [32]

C. Chu and P. Ho, “Noncommutative open string and D-brane,” N ucl. Phys. B550, 151 (1999), hep-th/9812219

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[33] [33]

F. Ardalan, H. Arfaei and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, “Dirac quantiz ation of open strings and noncommutativity in branes,” Nucl. Phys. B576, 578 (2000), hep-th/9906161

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[34] [34]

C. Chu and P. Ho, “Constrained quantization of open string in ba ckground B ﬁeld and noncommutative D-brane,” Nucl. Phys. B568, 447 (2000), hep-th/9906192

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[35] [35]

A. Abouelsaood, C. G. Callan, C. R. Nappi and S. A. Yost, “Open Strings In Background Gauge Fields,” Nucl. Phys. B 280, 599 (1987)

View on Pith 1987

[36] [36]

Y. Kiem and S. Lee, “UV/IR mixing in noncommutative ﬁeld theory v ia open string loops,” Nucl. Phys. B 586, 303 (2000), hep-th/0003145

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[37] [37]

V. Sahakian, “The phases of 2-D NCOS,” JHEP 0009, 025 (2000), hep-th/0008073

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[38] [38]

J. Maldacena, “The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Su- pergravity,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys. 2 (1998) 231, hep-th/9711200

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[39] [39]

J. Maldacena, J. Michelson, A. Strominger, “Anti de Sitter fra gmentation”, JHEP 02(1999) 011, hep-th/9812073

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[40] [40]

N. Seiberg, E.Witten, “The D1/D5 system and singular CFT”, JHE P 04 (1999) 017, hep-th/9903224

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[41] [41]

J. Maldacena and H. Ooguri, “Strings in AdS 3 and SL(2,R ) WZW model. I,” hep-th/0001053. 30

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[42] [42]

G. T. Horowitz and A. Strominger, “Black strings and P-branes ,” Nucl. Phys. B360, 197 (1991)

View on Pith 1991

[43] [43]

J. Polchinski, “Dirichlet-Branes and Ramond-Ramond Charges,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 4724 (1995), hep-th/9510017

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1995

[44] [44]

S. S. Gubser, A. Hashimoto, I. R. Klebanov and M. Krasnitz, “S calar absorption and the breaking of the world volume conformal invariance,” Nucl. Ph ys. B526, 393 (1998), hep-th/9803023

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[45] [45]

S. S. Gubser and A. Hashimoto, “Exact absorption probabilities for the D3- brane,” Commun. Math. Phys. 203 (1999) 325, hep-th/9805140

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[46] [46]

K. Intriligator, “Maximally supersymmetric RG ﬂows and AdS dualit y,” hep-th/9909082

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[47] [47]

U. H. Danielsson, A. G¨ uijosa, M. Kruczenski and B. Sundborg , “D3-brane holog- raphy,” JHEP 0005, 028 (2000), hep-th/0004187

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2000

[48] [48]

L. Rastelli and M. Van Raamsdonk, “A note on dilaton absorption and near- infrared D3 brane holography,” hep-th/0011044

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[49] [49]

C. Callan and J. Maldacena, “Brane Dynamics from the Born-Inf eld Action,” Nucl. Phys. B513 (1998) 198, hep-th/9708147

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[50] [50]

G. Gibbons, “Born-Infeld Particles and Dirichlet p-branes”, Nucl. Phys. B514 (1998) 603, hep-th/9709027

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

[51] [51]

D. S. Berman, V. L. Campos, M. Cederwall, U. Gran, H. Larsson , M. Nielsen, B. E. W. Nilsson, and P. Sundell, “Holographic noncommuta tiv- ity,” hep-th/0011282

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[52] [52]

P. Sundell, “Spin ( p + 1 ,p + 1) covariant D p-brane bound states,” hep-th/0011283

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[53] [53]

A. Hashimoto and N. Itzhaki, “Traveling faster than the speed of light in non- commutative geometry,” hep-th/0012093

View on Pith Pith review arXiv

[54] [54]

A. Hashimoto and N. Itzhaki, “Non-commutative Yang-Mills and t he AdS/CFT correspondence,” Phys. Lett. B465, 142 (1999), hep-th/9907166

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

[55] [55]

J. M. Maldacena and J. G. Russo, “Large N limit of non-commutative gauge theories,” JHEP 9909, 025 (1999), hep-th/9908134. 31

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999