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Multi-party entanglement in graph states

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arxiv quant-ph/0307130 v7 pith:W2YQJJVT submitted 2003-07-18 quant-ph cond-mat

classification quant-phcond-mat
keywords quantumgraphgraphsstateslocalboundscomputercorrection
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Graph states are multi-particle entangled states that correspond to mathematical graphs, where the vertices of the graph take the role of quantum spin systems and edges represent Ising interactions. They are many-body spin states of distributed quantum systems that play a significant role in quantum error correction, multi-party quantum communication, and quantum computation within the framework of the one-way quantum computer. We characterize and quantify the genuine multi-particle entanglement of such graph states in terms of the Schmidt measure, to which we provide upper and lower bounds in graph theoretical terms. Several examples and classes of graphs will be discussed, where these bounds coincide. These examples include trees, cluster states of different dimension, graphs that occur in quantum error correction, such as the concatenated [7,1,3]-CSS code, and a graph associated with the quantum Fourier transform in the one-way computer. We also present general transformation rules for graphs when local Pauli measurements are applied, and give criteria for the equivalence of two graphs up to local unitary transformations, employing the stabilizer formalism. For graphs of up to seven vertices we provide complete characterization modulo local unitary transformations and graph isomorphies.

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Cited by 10 Pith papers

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  1. Local Equivalences of Graph States

    quant-ph 2025-11 conditional novelty 8.0 of 10

    Graph states are LU-equivalent if and only if they are linked by r-local complementations for some integer r; LU-equivalence is decidable in quasi-polynomial time, and LU=LC holds on at most 19 qubits.

  2. A combinatorial framework for clustering graph states: Algorithms and hardness for rank-integrity

    cs.DS 2026-07 accept novelty 7.0 of 10

    Rank integrity is XP in the rank parameter k yet W[1]-hard, and is equivalent up to a factor of two to ancilla integrity of graph states for clustering entanglement.

  3. Expressibility of neural quantum states: a Walsh-complexity perspective

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    Walsh complexity reveals that shallow additive neural quantum states require logarithmic depth to represent certain short-range entangled dimerized states with maximal parity spread.

  4. The Structure of Circle Graph States

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    Circle graphs are closed under r-local complementation and bipartite circle graph states correspond one-to-one with planar code states whose MBQC is classically simulable.

  5. Constraints on four-party entanglement in holography

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    In time-reflection-symmetric holographic states, I3 is necessary for non-vanishing four-party entanglement signals, bounds multi-entropy measures, and implies vanishing of Q4.

  6. Adaptive Framework for Failure-Aware Protocols in Fusion-Based Graph-State Generation

    quant-ph 2026-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Adaptive reuse of partially built graph states after failed fusion measurements, combined with graph-theoretic ordering, can cut expected fusion overhead by orders of magnitude relative to repeat-until-success.

  7. Calibrated hypergraph states: II calibrated hypergraph state construction and applications

    quant-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Calibrated hypergraph states over Galois rings generalize weighted hypergraph states, are stabilizer and locally maximally entangleable, and reduce to the weighted class in the qubit case only.

  8. Calibrated hypergraph states: I calibrated hypergraph and multi qudit state monads

    quant-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

    Calibrated hypergraphs and multi-qudit states are shown to form graded Ω monads, providing a categorical foundation for a broad generalization of hypergraph states.

  9. Entanglement in Directed Graph States

    quant-ph 2025-05 conditional novelty 4.0 of 10

    For graph states made of identical controlled-phase gates on |+> qubits, the Entanglement Distance per qubit equals 1 minus the average of cos(θ) to the power twice the vertex degree.

  10. Entanglement Certification $-$ From Theory to Experiment

    quant-ph 2019-06 unverdicted

    Reviews paradigmatic entanglement quantifiers and state-of-the-art detection/certification methods, with emphasis on assumptions about states and measurements.

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