VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
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Are We on the Right Way for Evaluating Large Vision-Language Models?
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abstract
Large vision-language models (LVLMs) have recently achieved rapid progress, sparking numerous studies to evaluate their multi-modal capabilities. However, we dig into current evaluation works and identify two primary issues: 1) Visual content is unnecessary for many samples. The answers can be directly inferred from the questions and options, or the world knowledge embedded in LLMs. This phenomenon is prevalent across current benchmarks. For instance, GeminiPro achieves 42.9% on the MMMU benchmark without any visual input, and outperforms the random choice baseline across six benchmarks over 24% on average. 2) Unintentional data leakage exists in LLM and LVLM training. LLM and LVLM could still answer some visual-necessary questions without visual content, indicating the memorizing of these samples within large-scale training data. For example, Sphinx-X-MoE gets 43.6% on MMMU without accessing images, surpassing its LLM backbone with 17.9%. Both problems lead to misjudgments of actual multi-modal gains and potentially misguide the study of LVLM. To this end, we present MMStar, an elite vision-indispensable multi-modal benchmark comprising 1,500 samples meticulously selected by humans. MMStar benchmarks 6 core capabilities and 18 detailed axes, aiming to evaluate LVLMs' multi-modal capacities with carefully balanced and purified samples. These samples are first roughly selected from current benchmarks with an automated pipeline, human review is then involved to ensure each curated sample exhibits visual dependency, minimal data leakage, and requires advanced multi-modal capabilities. Moreover, two metrics are developed to measure data leakage and actual performance gain in multi-modal training. We evaluate 16 leading LVLMs on MMStar to assess their multi-modal capabilities, and on 7 benchmarks with the proposed metrics to investigate their data leakage and actual multi-modal gain.
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representative citing papers
MME-RealWorld is the largest manually annotated high-resolution benchmark for MLLMs, where even the best models achieve less than 60% accuracy on challenging real-world tasks.
OxyEcomBench is a unified multimodal benchmark covering 6 capability areas and 29 tasks with authentic e-commerce data to measure how well foundation models handle real platform, merchant, and customer challenges.
Visual debiasing of omni-modal benchmarks combined with staged post-training lets a 3B model match or exceed a 30B model without a stronger teacher.
GazeVLM introduces internal gaze tokens that allow VLMs to dynamically suppress irrelevant visual features and simulate foveal attention for improved high-resolution multimodal reasoning.
COHERENCE is a new benchmark for measuring MLLMs' ability to recover fine-grained image-text correspondences in interleaved multimodal contexts.
Perceval is a perception-centric PRM that detects token-level perceptual errors in VLMs, supporting token-advantage RL training and iterative test-time scaling for improved reasoning.
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
VGR introduces a visual-grounded reasoning MLLM that detects and replays image regions during inference, achieving gains on visual benchmarks with 30% fewer image tokens than the LLaVA-NeXT-7B baseline.
FLARE is a vision-language model family using text-guided vision encoding, context-aware alignment decoding, dual-semantic mapping loss, and text-driven VQA synthesis to achieve deep cross-modal integration, outperforming larger models with only 630 vision tokens at 3B scale.
R1-VL uses StepGRPO with rule-based StepRAR and StepRVR rewards to let MLLMs learn step-by-step reasoning beyond imitation of positive paths.
OCRBench v2 is a new benchmark with four times more tasks than prior versions that reveals most large multimodal models score below 50 out of 100 on visual text tasks and share five specific weaknesses.
PyramidDrop accelerates LVLMs by staged, similarity-based dropping of visual tokens that become redundant in deeper layers, delivering 40% faster training and 55% lower inference cost with comparable accuracy.
WE-MATH benchmark reveals most LMMs rely on rote memorization for visual math while GPT-4o has shifted toward knowledge generalization.
Cambrian-1 is a vision-centric multimodal LLM family that evaluates over 20 vision encoders, introduces CV-Bench and the Spatial Vision Aggregator, and releases open models, code, and data achieving strong performance on visual grounding tasks.
LVBench is a new benchmark for extreme long video understanding that evaluates multimodal large language models on hour-scale videos using tasks designed to probe extended memory and comprehension.
SPpruner reduces visual tokens in VLMs via focus identification followed by context-aware scanning, retaining 22.2% tokens for 2.53x speedup on Qwen2.5-VL with negligible accuracy loss.
Vision Inference Former adds a direct visual-to-output bridge that continuously injects visual semantics during MLLM decoding to sustain consistency and reduce modality imbalance.
Data curation alone raises VLM accuracy by more than 11 points on average across many benchmarks while cutting required training compute by up to 87 times.
ROMA improves MLLM robustness to seen and unseen visual corruptions by +2.3-2.4% over GRPO on seven reasoning benchmarks while matching clean accuracy.
Stronger VLM agents use mirror reflections for self-identification in controlled 3D tests, while weaker ones inspect but fail to extract or correctly attribute self-relevant information.
MMTB is a new benchmark with 105 multimedia terminal tasks that shows how audio and video access changes agent performance and evidence use in executable workflows.
Visual latents in MLLMs are systematically silenced by autoregressive training but can be unsilenced at inference via query-guided contrastive alignment followed by a confidence-progression reward.
SAPO introduces segment-level policy optimization using a step-wise MDP abstraction to better align RL updates with reasoning structure in multi-modal LLM tasks.
citing papers explorer
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VLRS-Bench: A Vision-Language Reasoning Benchmark for Remote Sensing
VLRS-Bench is the first benchmark dedicated to complex vision-language reasoning in remote sensing, with 2000 QA pairs across 14 tasks in cognition, decision, and prediction dimensions.
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MME-RealWorld: Could Your Multimodal LLM Challenge High-Resolution Real-World Scenarios that are Difficult for Humans?
MME-RealWorld is the largest manually annotated high-resolution benchmark for MLLMs, where even the best models achieve less than 60% accuracy on challenging real-world tasks.
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OxyEcomBench: Benchmarking Multimodal Foundation Models across E-Commerce Ecosystems
OxyEcomBench is a unified multimodal benchmark covering 6 capability areas and 29 tasks with authentic e-commerce data to measure how well foundation models handle real platform, merchant, and customer challenges.
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Boosting Omni-Modal Language Models: Staged Post-Training with Visually Debiased Evaluation
Visual debiasing of omni-modal benchmarks combined with staged post-training lets a 3B model match or exceed a 30B model without a stronger teacher.
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GazeVLM: Active Vision via Internal Attention Control for Multimodal Reasoning
GazeVLM introduces internal gaze tokens that allow VLMs to dynamically suppress irrelevant visual features and simulate foveal attention for improved high-resolution multimodal reasoning.
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COHERENCE: Benchmarking Fine-Grained Image-Text Alignment in Interleaved Multimodal Contexts
COHERENCE is a new benchmark for measuring MLLMs' ability to recover fine-grained image-text correspondences in interleaved multimodal contexts.
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Improving Vision-language Models with Perception-centric Process Reward Models
Perceval is a perception-centric PRM that detects token-level perceptual errors in VLMs, supporting token-advantage RL training and iterative test-time scaling for improved reasoning.
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Reasoning Within the Mind: Dynamic Multimodal Interleaving in Latent Space
DMLR performs dynamic visual-textual interleaving in latent space using confidence-guided latent policy gradient optimization and a dynamic visual injection strategy, yielding improved multimodal reasoning on benchmarks.
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VGR: Visual Grounded Reasoning
VGR introduces a visual-grounded reasoning MLLM that detects and replays image regions during inference, achieving gains on visual benchmarks with 30% fewer image tokens than the LLaVA-NeXT-7B baseline.
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FLARE: Fully Integration of Vision-Language Representations for Deep Cross-Modal Understanding
FLARE is a vision-language model family using text-guided vision encoding, context-aware alignment decoding, dual-semantic mapping loss, and text-driven VQA synthesis to achieve deep cross-modal integration, outperforming larger models with only 630 vision tokens at 3B scale.
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R1-VL: Learning to Reason with Multimodal Large Language Models via Step-wise Group Relative Policy Optimization
R1-VL uses StepGRPO with rule-based StepRAR and StepRVR rewards to let MLLMs learn step-by-step reasoning beyond imitation of positive paths.
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OCRBench v2: An Improved Benchmark for Evaluating Large Multimodal Models on Visual Text Localization and Reasoning
OCRBench v2 is a new benchmark with four times more tasks than prior versions that reveals most large multimodal models score below 50 out of 100 on visual text tasks and share five specific weaknesses.
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PyramidDrop: Accelerating Your Large Vision-Language Models via Pyramid Visual Redundancy Reduction
PyramidDrop accelerates LVLMs by staged, similarity-based dropping of visual tokens that become redundant in deeper layers, delivering 40% faster training and 55% lower inference cost with comparable accuracy.
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We-Math: Does Your Large Multimodal Model Achieve Human-like Mathematical Reasoning?
WE-MATH benchmark reveals most LMMs rely on rote memorization for visual math while GPT-4o has shifted toward knowledge generalization.
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Cambrian-1: A Fully Open, Vision-Centric Exploration of Multimodal LLMs
Cambrian-1 is a vision-centric multimodal LLM family that evaluates over 20 vision encoders, introduces CV-Bench and the Spatial Vision Aggregator, and releases open models, code, and data achieving strong performance on visual grounding tasks.
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LVBench: An Extreme Long Video Understanding Benchmark
LVBench is a new benchmark for extreme long video understanding that evaluates multimodal large language models on hour-scale videos using tasks designed to probe extended memory and comprehension.
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Focus-then-Context: Subject-Centric Progressive Visual Token Reduction for Vision-Language Models
SPpruner reduces visual tokens in VLMs via focus identification followed by context-aware scanning, retaining 22.2% tokens for 2.53x speedup on Qwen2.5-VL with negligible accuracy loss.
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Vision Inference Former: Sustaining Visual Consistency in Multimodal Large Language Models
Vision Inference Former adds a direct visual-to-output bridge that continuously injects visual semantics during MLLM decoding to sustain consistency and reduce modality imbalance.
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20/20 Vision Language Models: A Prescription for Better VLMs through Data Curation Alone
Data curation alone raises VLM accuracy by more than 11 points on average across many benchmarks while cutting required training compute by up to 87 times.
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Reinforcing Multimodal Reasoning Against Visual Degradation
ROMA improves MLLM robustness to seen and unseen visual corruptions by +2.3-2.4% over GRPO on seven reasoning benchmarks while matching clean accuracy.
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Mirror, Mirror on the Wall: Can VLM Agents Tell Who They Are at All?
Stronger VLM agents use mirror reflections for self-identification in controlled 3D tests, while weaker ones inspect but fail to extract or correctly attribute self-relevant information.
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MMTB: Evaluating Terminal Agents on Multimedia-File Tasks
MMTB is a new benchmark with 105 multimedia terminal tasks that shows how audio and video access changes agent performance and evidence use in executable workflows.
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Visual Latents Know More Than They Say: Unsilencing Latent Reasoning in MLLMs
Visual latents in MLLMs are systematically silenced by autoregressive training but can be unsilenced at inference via query-guided contrastive alignment followed by a confidence-progression reward.
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Segment-Aligned Policy Optimization for Multi-Modal Reasoning
SAPO introduces segment-level policy optimization using a step-wise MDP abstraction to better align RL updates with reasoning structure in multi-modal LLM tasks.
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MACS: Modality-Aware Capacity Scaling for Efficient Multimodal MoE Inference
MACS improves inference speed in multimodal MoE models by entropy-weighted balancing of visual tokens and real-time modality-adaptive expert capacity allocation.
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RetentiveKV: State-Space Memory for Uncertainty-Aware Multimodal KV Cache Eviction
RetentiveKV uses entropy to drive state-space model transitions that retain and reactivate low-attention visual tokens in a continuous memory instead of pruning them, delivering 5x KV cache compression and 1.5x faster decoding.
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CLEAR: Unlocking Generative Potential for Degraded Image Understanding in Unified Multimodal Models
CLEAR uses degradation-aware fine-tuning, a latent representation bridge, and interleaved reinforcement learning to connect generative and reasoning capabilities in multimodal models for better degraded image understanding.
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Agentic Learner with Grow-and-Refine Multimodal Semantic Memory
ViLoMem is a dual-stream grow-and-refine memory system that separates visual and logical error patterns in MLLMs to improve pass@1 accuracy and reduce repeated mistakes across six multimodal benchmarks.
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Qwen3-Omni Technical Report
Qwen3-Omni is a unified multimodal model that achieves open-source SOTA on 32 of 36 audio and audio-visual benchmarks and overall SOTA on 22 without degrading performance on text, image, or video relative to single-modal Qwen counterparts.
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InternVL3.5: Advancing Open-Source Multimodal Models in Versatility, Reasoning, and Efficiency
InternVL3.5 advances open-source multimodal models with Cascade RL for +16% reasoning gains and ViR for 4x inference speedup, with the 241B model reaching SOTA among open-source MLLMs on multimodal, reasoning, and agentic tasks.
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Fourier Compressor: Frequency-Domain Visual Token Compression for Vision-Language Models
Fourier Compressor uses FFT to remove frequency-domain redundancy from visual tokens in VLMs, retaining over 96% accuracy with up to 83.8% FLOP reduction.
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Training-Free Multimodal Large Language Model Orchestration
LLM Orchestration integrates modality experts via an LLM controller, cross-modal memory, and interaction layer to enable multimodal input-output without gradient-based training.
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GLM-4.5V and GLM-4.1V-Thinking: Towards Versatile Multimodal Reasoning with Scalable Reinforcement Learning
GLM-4.5V reaches state-of-the-art results on 42 multimodal benchmarks among open-source models of similar size by applying reinforcement learning with curriculum sampling to a strong vision foundation model.
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Multi-SpatialMLLM: Multi-Frame Spatial Understanding with Multi-Modal Large Language Models
Multi-SpatialMLLM integrates depth perception, visual correspondence, and dynamic perception into MLLMs via a 27M-sample MultiSPA dataset and benchmark, yielding gains on multi-frame spatial tasks.
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LLaDA-V: Large Language Diffusion Models with Visual Instruction Tuning
LLaDA-V is a diffusion-based multimodal large language model that reaches competitive or state-of-the-art results on visual instruction tasks while using a non-autoregressive architecture.
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Circle-RoPE: Cone-like Decoupled Rotary Positional Embedding for Large Vision-Language Models
Circle-RoPE achieves cross-modal positional disentanglement in VLMs by mapping 2D image tokens to a cone-like annulus orthogonal to the text axis, with PTD=0 eliminating RoPE geometric bias while preserving intra-image structure via alternating geometry encoding.
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Visual Compositional Tuning
COMPACT synthesizes compositional visual instruction data to reduce VIT training data by 90% while achieving 100.2% of full performance across eight multimodal benchmarks.
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InternVL3: Exploring Advanced Training and Test-Time Recipes for Open-Source Multimodal Models
InternVL3-78B sets a new open-source SOTA of 72.2 on MMMU via native joint multimodal pre-training, V2PE, MPO, and test-time scaling while remaining competitive with proprietary models.
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SmolVLM: Redefining small and efficient multimodal models
SmolVLM-256M outperforms a 300-times larger model using under 1 GB GPU memory, while the 2.2B version matches state-of-the-art VLMs at half the memory cost.
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OpenVLThinker: Complex Vision-Language Reasoning via Iterative SFT-RL Cycles
Iterative SFT-RL cycles enable a 7B LVLM to develop sophisticated visual chain-of-thought reasoning and improve performance on math and general reasoning benchmarks.
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Sa2VA: Marrying SAM2 with LLaVA for Dense Grounded Understanding of Images and Videos
Sa2VA unifies SAM-2 segmentation with MLLM reasoning into a single model for referring segmentation and conversation on images and videos, supported by a new 72k-expression Ref-SAV dataset.
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MetaMorph: Multimodal Understanding and Generation via Instruction Tuning
VPiT enables pretrained LLMs to perform both visual understanding and generation by predicting discrete text tokens and continuous visual tokens, with understanding data proving more effective than generation-specific data.
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Expanding Performance Boundaries of Open-Source Multimodal Models with Model, Data, and Test-Time Scaling
InternVL 2.5 is the first open-source MLLM to surpass 70% on the MMMU benchmark via model, data, and test-time scaling, with a 3.7-point gain from chain-of-thought reasoning.
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VLBiasBench: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Evaluating Bias in Large Vision-Language Model
VLBiasBench is a new large-scale benchmark with 128,342 samples covering nine social bias categories plus two intersectional ones to evaluate biases in LVLMs.
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Pseudocode-Guided Structured Reasoning for Automating Reliable Inference in Vision-Language Models
PStar adaptively selects pseudocode-based reasoning strategies via a Difficulty Feature Vector to reduce hallucinations in vision-language models, reporting SOTA results on POPE and MMStar benchmarks.
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Pelican-Unify 1.0: A Unified Embodied Intelligence Model for Understanding, Reasoning, Imagination and Action
A unified embodied foundation model uses one VLM for understanding and reasoning plus a joint video-action future generator, reporting competitive scores on VLM, world modeling, and robot benchmarks without apparent compromise.
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CoGR-MoE: Concept-Guided Expert Routing with Consistent Selection and Flexible Reasoning for Visual Question Answering
CoGR-MoE improves VQA by using concept-guided expert routing with option feature reweighting and contrastive learning to achieve consistent yet flexible reasoning across answer options.
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Qwen3.5-Omni Technical Report
Qwen3.5-Omni scales an omnimodal model to hundreds of billions of parameters with 256k context, introduces ARIA for stable speech synthesis, and reports SOTA performance on 215 audio-visual benchmarks while adding multilingual and audio-visual coding capabilities.
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NoisyGRPO: Incentivizing Multimodal CoT Reasoning via Noise Injection and Bayesian Estimation
NoisyGRPO is an RL framework that perturbs visual inputs with Gaussian noise for exploration and computes trajectory advantages via Bayesian posterior fusion of noise prior and reward likelihood to improve multimodal CoT generalization.
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Qwen2.5-Omni Technical Report
Qwen2.5-Omni presents a multimodal model with block-wise encoders, TMRoPE position embeddings, and a Thinker-Talker architecture that enables simultaneous text and streaming speech generation while matching text performance on reasoning benchmarks.