Mellin averaging over N reproduces the ensemble-like randomness of wormhole physics in the gravitational path integral when the dual theory admits analytic continuation in N and observables fluctuate superpolynomially small in N.
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Black holes and the butterfly effect
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abstract
We use holography to study sensitive dependence on initial conditions in strongly coupled field theories. Specifically, we mildly perturb a thermofield double state by adding a small number of quanta on one side. If these quanta are released a scrambling time in the past, they destroy the local two-sided correlations present in the unperturbed state. The corresponding bulk geometry is a two-sided AdS black hole, and the key effect is the blueshift of the early infalling quanta relative to the $t = 0$ slice, creating a shock wave. We comment on string- and Planck-scale corrections to this setup, and discuss points that may be relevant to the firewall controversy.
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UNVERDICTED 28representative citing papers
A randomized quench protocol enables the first fully analog measurement of infinite-temperature OTOCs on Rydberg atom arrays, revealing information propagation lightcones.
Holographic banners are four-argument on-shell actions that map thermofield double boundary states to future interior semiclassical states and yield BKL mixing timescales in AdS black holes.
Increasing black hole scrambling time in JT and RST evaporating geometries suppresses and eliminates late-time entanglement revivals in 2d CFT mutual information for disjoint intervals, interpolating between quasiparticle and maximal scrambling regimes.
LogK complexity via replicas distinguishes genuine scrambling from saddle effects in quantum and classical systems and refines the measure for integrable cases.
In open quantum systems, environmental coupling turns deterministic Krylov phase-space trajectories into stochastic ones by adding diffusion, destroying the hyperbolic mechanism for exponential complexity growth beyond a controlled scale.
Pole-skipping data encodes enough information to reconstruct the full metric of 3D rotating black holes and the radial functions of 4D separable rotating black holes, with Einstein equations becoming algebraic constraints on that data.
Unitary designs emerge from the temporal ensemble of two chaotic Hamiltonian evolutions separated by a random Pauli operation, based on the universal Pauli spectrum.
In TTbar-deformed anomalous CFT2 the chaos bound stays saturated while butterfly velocity depends nontrivially on deformation strength and anomaly, with a Hagedorn regime where the chaotic response turns complex.
In gapped random matrix systems with parametrically many degenerate ground states, the spectral form factor at low temperatures is dominated by the disconnected contribution at all times, while the connected form factor depends only on the non-degenerate eigenvalues.
Spectral functions of SYK, p-spin, and SU(M) Heisenberg models show exponential tails in spin-glass phases and quasiparticle families in spin-liquid phases, with a proof that exponential decay blocks detection of bulk causal structure.
Proposes a new large N limit dual to back-reacted traversable wormholes via algebra-at-infinity operators and algebraically reproduces the Maldacena-Stanford-Yang result on left-right observer effects.
In finite-volume massive free scalar field theory after local quench, spacing ratios of two-point function extrema follow GOE statistics and an extrema-based form factor shows RMT dip-ramp-plateau.
An SYK-based quantum system reproduces semiclassical correlators of quantum fields in rigid de Sitter space and non-trivial OTOC features including a doubled Lyapunov exponent.
Derives WGC bound on probe charge-to-mass ratio from positivity of anomalous dimensions in dual CFT for charged particles in higher-derivative AdS black holes, with bound increasing with couplings and ISCOs existing up to the bound.
A formula maps QFT response functions under periodic sources to Einstein ring images of dual AdS black holes, with the ring radius set by the QFT total energy for Schwarzschild-AdS4.
Non-planar corrections lift degeneracies in the spectrum of quarter BPS states in Sym^N(T^4) and introduce level repulsion plus random matrix statistics, showing integrability is restricted to the large N planar limit.
Asymptotically AdS mini-boson stars exhibit scar-like states with random-matrix chaos signatures, embedded integrable branches, low entanglement, and Krylov complexity revivals, unlike thermal black holes.
ISCOs mark coalescence points of center and saddle fixed points in black hole effective potentials, exhibiting van der Waals-like mean-field scaling, with corresponding negative and positive anomalous dimensions for center and saddle in the dual CFT.
In the Uncoloured Tensor Model, symmetry-resolved Krylov complexity matches the full operator complexity in some charge subspaces but not others, with the subspace-averaged value bounded above by the full-space value within computational limits.
Brick-wall spectra in de Sitter space show long-range chaotic signatures via spectral form factor and Krylov complexity even when conventional level repulsion is absent.
Discretized λφ⁴ theory yields thermal OTOC with exponential growth and Lyapunov exponent scaling as T^{1/4}, showing quantum chaos signatures at low perturbative orders in the oscillator chain.
Regular black holes with phantom scalar hair are constrained by Solar System and EHT observations, with exact relations linking photon sphere Lyapunov exponent to shadow size and impact parameter.
Numerical study of a qutrit lattice with conserved charge shows thermalization signatures in states outside microcanonical windows of energy and charge, supporting a generalized form of ETH called generic ETH.
citing papers explorer
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Wormholes and Averaging over N
Mellin averaging over N reproduces the ensemble-like randomness of wormhole physics in the gravitational path integral when the dual theory admits analytic continuation in N and observables fluctuate superpolynomially small in N.
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Information Propagation in Rydberg Arrays via Analog OTOC Calculations
A randomized quench protocol enables the first fully analog measurement of infinite-temperature OTOCs on Rydberg atom arrays, revealing information propagation lightcones.
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Holographic Banners
Holographic banners are four-argument on-shell actions that map thermofield double boundary states to future interior semiclassical states and yield BKL mixing timescales in AdS black holes.
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Entanglement Revivals and Scrambling for Evaporating Black Holes
Increasing black hole scrambling time in JT and RST evaporating geometries suppresses and eliminates late-time entanglement revivals in 2d CFT mutual information for disjoint intervals, interpolating between quasiparticle and maximal scrambling regimes.
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Towards a Refinement of Krylov Complexity: Scrambling, Classical Operator Growth and Replicas
LogK complexity via replicas distinguishes genuine scrambling from saddle effects in quantum and classical systems and refines the measure for integrable cases.
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Stochastic Krylov Dynamics: Revisiting Operator Growth in Open Quantum Systems
In open quantum systems, environmental coupling turns deterministic Krylov phase-space trajectories into stochastic ones by adding diffusion, destroying the hyperbolic mechanism for exponential complexity growth beyond a controlled scale.
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Probing bulk geometry via pole skipping: from static to rotating spacetimes
Pole-skipping data encodes enough information to reconstruct the full metric of 3D rotating black holes and the radial functions of 4D separable rotating black holes, with Einstein equations becoming algebraic constraints on that data.
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Unitary Designs from Two Chaotic Hamiltonians and a Random Pauli Operation
Unitary designs emerge from the temporal ensemble of two chaotic Hamiltonian evolutions separated by a random Pauli operation, based on the universal Pauli spectrum.
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Butterflies in $\textrm{T}\overline{\textrm{T}}$ deformed anomalous CFT$_2$
In TTbar-deformed anomalous CFT2 the chaos bound stays saturated while butterfly velocity depends nontrivially on deformation strength and anomaly, with a Hagedorn regime where the chaotic response turns complex.
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Spectral Form Factor of Gapped Random Matrix Systems
In gapped random matrix systems with parametrically many degenerate ground states, the spectral form factor at low temperatures is dominated by the disconnected contribution at all times, while the connected form factor depends only on the non-degenerate eigenvalues.
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Searching for emergent spacetime in spin glasses
Spectral functions of SYK, p-spin, and SU(M) Heisenberg models show exponential tails in spin-glass phases and quasiparticle families in spin-liquid phases, with a proof that exponential decay blocks detection of bulk causal structure.
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Algebraic traversable wormholes
Proposes a new large N limit dual to back-reacted traversable wormholes via algebra-at-infinity operators and algebraically reproduces the Maldacena-Stanford-Yang result on left-right observer effects.
-
Random matrix theory signatures in free field theory
In finite-volume massive free scalar field theory after local quench, spacing ratios of two-point function extrema follow GOE statistics and an extrema-based form factor shows RMT dip-ramp-plateau.
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Towards a microscopic description of de Sitter dynamics
An SYK-based quantum system reproduces semiclassical correlators of quantum fields in rigid de Sitter space and non-trivial OTOC features including a doubled Lyapunov exponent.
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ISCOs and the weak gravity conjecture bound in higher derivative theories of gravity
Derives WGC bound on probe charge-to-mass ratio from positivity of anomalous dimensions in dual CFT for charged particles in higher-derivative AdS black holes, with bound increasing with couplings and ISCOs existing up to the bound.
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Einstein Rings in Holography
A formula maps QFT response functions under periodic sources to Einstein ring images of dual AdS black holes, with the ring radius set by the QFT total energy for Schwarzschild-AdS4.
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Non-planar corrections in the symmetric orbifold
Non-planar corrections lift degeneracies in the spectrum of quarter BPS states in Sym^N(T^4) and introduce level repulsion plus random matrix statistics, showing integrability is restricted to the large N planar limit.
-
Quantum scars from holographic boson stars
Asymptotically AdS mini-boson stars exhibit scar-like states with random-matrix chaos signatures, embedded integrable branches, low entanglement, and Krylov complexity revivals, unlike thermal black holes.
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Criticality of ISCOs and AdS/CFT
ISCOs mark coalescence points of center and saddle fixed points in black hole effective potentials, exhibiting van der Waals-like mean-field scaling, with corresponding negative and positive anomalous dimensions for center and saddle in the dual CFT.
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Symmetry-resolved Krylov Complexity and the Uncoloured Tensor Model
In the Uncoloured Tensor Model, symmetry-resolved Krylov complexity matches the full operator complexity in some charge subspaces but not others, with the subspace-averaged value bounded above by the full-space value within computational limits.
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Cosmological brick walls & quantum chaotic dynamics of de Sitter horizons
Brick-wall spectra in de Sitter space show long-range chaotic signatures via spectral form factor and Krylov complexity even when conventional level repulsion is absent.
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OTOC and Quamtum Chaos of Interacting Scalar Fields
Discretized λφ⁴ theory yields thermal OTOC with exponential growth and Lyapunov exponent scaling as T^{1/4}, showing quantum chaos signatures at low perturbative orders in the oscillator chain.
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Observational Tests of Regular Black Holes with Scalar Hair and their Stability
Regular black holes with phantom scalar hair are constrained by Solar System and EHT observations, with exact relations linking photon sphere Lyapunov exponent to shadow size and impact parameter.
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Generic ETH: Eigenstate Thermalization beyond the Microcanonical
Numerical study of a qutrit lattice with conserved charge shows thermalization signatures in states outside microcanonical windows of energy and charge, supporting a generalized form of ETH called generic ETH.
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Real-Time Quantum Dynamics on the Fuzzy Sphere: Chaos and Entanglement
In this fuzzy-sphere matrix model the largest Lyapunov exponent drops to zero at finite temperature, respecting the Maldacena-Shenker-Stanford bound while entanglement shows fast scrambling.
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Holographic Brownian dynamics of a heavy particle in a boosted thermal plasma background
Holographic calculation of longitudinal and transverse diffusion coefficients for Brownian motion in a boosted AdS black brane, with verification of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem and expression of the coefficients via butterfly velocity.
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Krylov Complexity
Krylov complexity is a canonical, parameter-independent measure of operator spreading that probes chaotic dynamics to late times and admits a geometric interpretation in holographic duals.
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The Carrollian Kaleidoscope
A review summarizing Carrollian symmetries, CCFT constructions, and applications in AFS holography, Carroll hydrodynamics, and condensed matter phenomena such as fractons and flat bands.