Majorana neutrinos convert to antineutrinos in ultralight vector dark matter backgrounds coupled to lepton number, enabling supernova neutrino detectors to probe gauge couplings as small as 10^{-32} for masses around 10^{-22} to 10^{-14} eV.
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Supernova Neutrinos: Production, Oscillations and Detection
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abstract
Neutrinos play a crucial role in the collapse and explosion of massive stars, governing the infall dynamics of the stellar core, triggering and fueling the explosion and driving the cooling and deleptonization of the newly formed neutron star. Due to their role neutrinos carry information from the heart of the explosion and, due to their weakly interacting nature, offer the only direct probe of the dynamics and thermodynamics at the center of a supernova. In this paper, we review the present status of modelling the neutrino physics and signal formation in collapsing and exploding stars. We assess the capability of current and planned large underground neutrino detectors to yield faithful information of the time and flavor dependent neutrino signal from a future Galactic supernova. We show how the observable neutrino burst would provide a benchmark for fundamental supernova physics with unprecedented richness of detail. Exploiting the treasure of the measured neutrino events requires a careful discrimination of source-generated properties from signal features that originate on the way to the detector. As for the latter, we discuss self-induced flavor conversions associated with neutrino-neutrino interactions that occur in the deepest stellar regions; matter effects that modify the pattern of flavor conversions in the dynamical stellar envelope; neutrino-oscillation signatures that result from structural features associated with the shock-wave propagation as well as turbulent mass motions in post-shock layers. Finally, we highlight our current understanding of the formation of the diffuse supernova neutrino background and we analyse the perspectives for a detection of this relic signal that integrates the contributions from all past core-collapse supernovae in the Universe.
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A hybrid qutrit-based algorithm simulates supernova neutrino flavor evolution and matches exact classical integration up to moderate times.
Matter gradients slow but do not suppress neutrino-mass-induced flavor instabilities, so flavomon ray tracing is required instead of local stability analysis alone.
Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forecasts for future MeV telescopes.
In magnetorotational stellar collapses, neutrinos undergo resonant flavor conversion in matter plus magnetic-moment-driven chirality flipping for Majorana neutrinos, producing orientation-dependent event rates at detectors that peak 400-600 ms after bounce.
Stripped-envelope supernovae enable QCD axion detection to masses around 10^{-4} eV via gamma-ray signals from conversion in progenitor magnetic fields.
DUNE can set competitive bounds on refractive neutrino masses via supernova time-of-flight, with sensitivity significantly enhanced by galactic dark matter density spikes.
Supernova models yield coupling limits g_a ≲ 0.9×10^{-10} and g_φ ≲ 0.4×10^{-10} for masses above 100 keV from gamma-ray observations, plus stronger trapping-regime limits from explosion energy, that are difficult to reconcile with a muon g-2 explanation.
Neutrino flavor conversion in supernova cores can enhance or suppress explodability depending on the conversion location, independent of progenitor mass.
Relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations of charged-current neutrino opacities reveal large discrepancies and a substantial shift in medium-dependent modifications compared to standard relativistic mean-field models.
Simulations of 195 stellar progenitors indicate that neutrino flavor conversion alters explodability and remnant mass distributions, particularly for stars of 16-30 solar masses.
The helium flash produces a neutrino burst with a 1.7 MeV line detectable up to almost 3 pc in future facilities, but asteroseismology remains the practical probe for now.
Re-evaluation of sub-GeV Lμ-Lτ gauge boson constraints from beam-dump production modes and multiple supernova observables, highlighting differences from existing literature.
Analytical expressions for ALP-photon conversion in transient compact stars yield an updated bound g_aγ < 5×10^{-12} GeV^{-1} for m_a ≲ 10^{-9} eV from SN 1987A, plus sensitivity forecasts for future Galactic SN and NSM observations.
Normal and inverted neutrino mass orderings tend to occupy different regions in ternary space when supernova neutrino flavor compositions are plotted across several models.
Hybrid HF-CRPA calculations predict lower allowed cross sections for charged-current ν_e on 40Ar at low energies, leading to ~20% fewer events in DUNE for a galactic supernova burst than the prior MARLEY model.
citing papers explorer
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Neutrino-Antineutrino Conversion from Ultralight Vector Dark Matter
Majorana neutrinos convert to antineutrinos in ultralight vector dark matter backgrounds coupled to lepton number, enabling supernova neutrino detectors to probe gauge couplings as small as 10^{-32} for masses around 10^{-22} to 10^{-14} eV.
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Three-flavor supernova neutrino simulation using a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm with qutrits
A hybrid qutrit-based algorithm simulates supernova neutrino flavor evolution and matches exact classical integration up to moderate times.
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Flavomon ray tracing in matter gradients
Matter gradients slow but do not suppress neutrino-mass-induced flavor instabilities, so flavomon ray tracing is required instead of local stability analysis alone.
-
Lights, Camera, Axion: Tracing Axions from Supernovae in the Diffuse $\gamma$-ray Sky
Axions produced in supernovae generate a diffuse gamma-ray signal through conversion in magnetic fields, yielding competitive constraints on the axion-photon coupling from COMPTEL, EGRET, and Fermi-LAT data plus forecasts for future MeV telescopes.
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Matter- and magnetically-driven flavor conversion of neutrinos in magnetorotational collapses
In magnetorotational stellar collapses, neutrinos undergo resonant flavor conversion in matter plus magnetic-moment-driven chirality flipping for Majorana neutrinos, producing orientation-dependent event rates at detectors that peak 400-600 ms after bounce.
-
Stripped-Envelope Supernovae for QCD Axion Detection
Stripped-envelope supernovae enable QCD axion detection to masses around 10^{-4} eV via gamma-ray signals from conversion in progenitor magnetic fields.
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Shedding light on dark matter spikes through refractive neutrino masses
DUNE can set competitive bounds on refractive neutrino masses via supernova time-of-flight, with sensitivity significantly enhanced by galactic dark matter density spikes.
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Muonic Boson Limits: Supernova Redux
Supernova models yield coupling limits g_a ≲ 0.9×10^{-10} and g_φ ≲ 0.4×10^{-10} for masses above 100 keV from gamma-ray observations, plus stronger trapping-regime limits from explosion energy, that are difficult to reconcile with a muon g-2 explanation.
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Flavor Conversion Enhances or Suppresses Supernova Explodability Independent of the Progenitor Mass
Neutrino flavor conversion in supernova cores can enhance or suppress explodability depending on the conversion location, independent of progenitor mass.
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Charged-current neutrino opacity within the relativistic Hartree-Fock framework for astrophysical simulations of core-collapse supernovae and binary neutron star mergers
Relativistic Hartree-Fock calculations of charged-current neutrino opacities reveal large discrepancies and a substantial shift in medium-dependent modifications compared to standard relativistic mean-field models.
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Neutrino Flavor Conversion Shapes the Rate of Failed Core-collapse Supernovae
Simulations of 195 stellar progenitors indicate that neutrino flavor conversion alters explodability and remnant mass distributions, particularly for stars of 16-30 solar masses.
-
Detection horizon for the neutrino burst from the stellar helium flash
The helium flash produces a neutrino burst with a 1.7 MeV line detectable up to almost 3 pc in future facilities, but asteroseismology remains the practical probe for now.
-
$L_\mu-L_\tau$ gauge bosons in beam dumps and supernovae
Re-evaluation of sub-GeV Lμ-Lτ gauge boson constraints from beam-dump production modes and multiple supernova observables, highlighting differences from existing literature.
-
Axion-photon conversion in transient compact stars: Systematics, constraints, and opportunities
Analytical expressions for ALP-photon conversion in transient compact stars yield an updated bound g_aγ < 5×10^{-12} GeV^{-1} for m_a ≲ 10^{-9} eV from SN 1987A, plus sensitivity forecasts for future Galactic SN and NSM observations.
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Investigating the Neutrino Mass Ordering Problem via Ternary Plots
Normal and inverted neutrino mass orderings tend to occupy different regions in ternary space when supernova neutrino flavor compositions are plotted across several models.
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Continuum contribution to charged-current absorption of low-energy $\nu_e$ on $^{40}$Ar
Hybrid HF-CRPA calculations predict lower allowed cross sections for charged-current ν_e on 40Ar at low energies, leading to ~20% fewer events in DUNE for a galactic supernova burst than the prior MARLEY model.