One acceleration measurement equals ~10^5 phase-space measurements for local dark matter density estimation, with acceleration outperforming Jeans modeling in both equilibrium and perturbed Milky Way simulations.
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Dark Matter Candidates from Particle Physics and Methods of Detection
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abstract
The identity of dark matter is a question of central importance in both astrophysics and particle physics. In the past, the leading particle candidates were cold and collisionless, and typically predicted missing energy signals at particle colliders. However, recent progress has greatly expanded the list of well-motivated candidates and the possible signatures of dark matter. This review begins with a brief summary of the standard model of particle physics and its outstanding problems. We then discuss several dark matter candidates motivated by these problems, including WIMPs, superWIMPs, light gravitinos, hidden dark matter, sterile neutrinos, and axions. For each of these, we critically examine the particle physics motivations and present their expected production mechanisms, basic properties, and implications for direct and indirect detection, particle colliders, and astrophysical observations. Upcoming experiments will discover or exclude many of these candidates, and progress may open up an era of unprecedented synergy between studies of the largest and smallest observable length scales.
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representative citing papers
Two LIGO transients are consistent with domain wall signals from a shared scalar field but binary black hole models remain favored, with a morphological degeneracy identified.
Higher-derivative extension of dark matter yields an imperfect fluid that matches pressureless dust on homogeneous backgrounds but generates acceleration and vorticity to avoid caustic singularities in inhomogeneous cosmologies.
Increasing the bosonic dark matter fraction in admixed neutron stars shifts axial quasi-normal mode frequencies and damping times, can reorder mode hierarchy, and drives a transition from neutron-star-like to boson-star-like ringdown behavior.
At fixed host-halo mass, filament halos show mass-dependent boost modulation from 15% suppression to 12% enhancement, walls are intermediate, and void halos are suppressed by 30-33% relative to the cosmic-mean prediction.
A one-body conformal-factor correction stabilizes boson star-black hole initial data, enabling gravitational-wave analysis that shows higher multipoles can discriminate mixed mergers from pure black-hole binaries.
Null result from dimuon scouting search at 13.6 TeV sets 95% CL limits on long-lived particle production in Higgs and b-hadron decay channels across multiple BSM models.
Calculations of cLFV cross sections in eμ scattering show the e−μ+ → W+W− channel at √s > 2MW offers better prospects for detecting heavy sterile neutrinos than the quartically suppressed e−μ+ → e+μ− process.
Dark matter cores heat baryonic matter in evolving proto-neutron stars by deepening the gravitational potential while halos cool it, providing a diagnostic distinct from hyperons.
Derives gauge-invariant perturbation equations for F(T, T_G) cosmology and provides physical interpretations for new contributions in each mode.
A 2HDM extended by two real scalar singlets is scanned with evolutionary strategies to locate regions satisfying vacuum, unitarity, oblique-parameter, collider and dark-matter constraints.
A non-canonical generalized Brans-Dicke theory admits background cosmological solutions matching Lambda CDM characteristics for constant, power-law, and exponential potentials, with dynamics distinct from other scalar-tensor models.
A largely model-independent framework links dark matter annihilation, mediator decays, and semi-annihilation to both thermal freeze-out and present-day gamma-ray, neutrino, and antimatter fluxes, with benchmarks showing how their relative strengths shape observable spectra.
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
Dynamical dark energy remains preferred across extended models while curvature, neutrino mass and inflation parameters show strong model dependence, with no resolution of the H0 tension.
In mixed ULDM-PBH halos the continuum PBH contribution alters soliton structure at the tens-of-percent level while discrete shot noise induces mode transitions too slow to matter on galactic timescales.
REDTOP targets O(10^14) eta and O(10^12) eta-prime decays to probe four hidden sector portals and test CP/T invariance plus lepton universality.
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
Models of interacting bosonic dark energy and fermionic dark matter in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with exponential and power-law potentials are dynamically analyzed and constrained by observational data, showing consistency with LambdaCDM.
In an E6-derived ψ'SM extension, a singlet fermion acts as freeze-in dark matter with relic density set by scalar decays for masses from a few MeV to hundreds of GeV, while type-I seesaw neutrinos simultaneously produce the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
CMB data limits the s-wave annihilation cross section of thermal dark matter particles to ≲ 10^{-30} cm³/s scaled by PBH fraction and mass for PBHs heavier than ~10^{-10} solar masses.
In the supersymmetric Pati-Salam framework, light bino-like neutralino dark matter below 110 GeV survives all constraints in bulk and Z-funnel regions for negative mu, with a right-handed stau next-to-lightest particle below 120 GeV.
A review summarizing machine learning methods for multi-messenger probes of dark matter and new physics, with a proposed plan for future integrated analyses.
citing papers explorer
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An Acceleration is Worth a Hundred Thousand Phase Space Measurements
One acceleration measurement equals ~10^5 phase-space measurements for local dark matter density estimation, with acceleration outperforming Jeans modeling in both equilibrium and perturbed Milky Way simulations.
-
Short Gravitational-Wave Transients as Probes of Cosmic Domain Walls
Two LIGO transients are consistent with domain wall signals from a shared scalar field but binary black hole models remain favored, with a morphological degeneracy identified.
-
Imperfect dark matter with higher derivatives
Higher-derivative extension of dark matter yields an imperfect fluid that matches pressureless dust on homogeneous backgrounds but generates acceleration and vorticity to avoid caustic singularities in inhomogeneous cosmologies.
-
Axial Quasi-normal Modes of Admixed Neutron Stars
Increasing the bosonic dark matter fraction in admixed neutron stars shifts axial quasi-normal mode frequencies and damping times, can reorder mode hierarchy, and drives a transition from neutron-star-like to boson-star-like ringdown behavior.
-
Caught in the Cosmic Web: Environmental Impacts on the Halo Substructure Boosts to Dark Matter Annihilation Signals
At fixed host-halo mass, filament halos show mass-dependent boost modulation from 15% suppression to 12% enhancement, walls are intermediate, and void halos are suppressed by 30-33% relative to the cosmic-mean prediction.
-
Boson star-black hole binaries: initial data and head-on collisions
A one-body conformal-factor correction stabilizes boson star-black hole initial data, enabling gravitational-wave analysis that shows higher multipoles can discriminate mixed mergers from pure black-hole binaries.
-
Search for long-lived particles decaying into muons in proton-proton collisions at $\sqrt{s}$ = 13.6 TeV using data scouting
Null result from dimuon scouting search at 13.6 TeV sets 95% CL limits on long-lived particle production in Higgs and b-hadron decay channels across multiple BSM models.
-
Electron-muon colliders at high energies to discover heavy sterile neutrinos
Calculations of cLFV cross sections in eμ scattering show the e−μ+ → W+W− channel at √s > 2MW offers better prospects for detecting heavy sterile neutrinos than the quartically suppressed e−μ+ → e+μ− process.
-
Dark Matter Heating in Evolving Proto-Neutron Stars: A Two-Fluid Approach
Dark matter cores heat baryonic matter in evolving proto-neutron stars by deepening the gravitational potential while halos cool it, providing a diagnostic distinct from hyperons.
-
Gauge invariant perturbations of $F(T,T_G)$ Cosmology
Derives gauge-invariant perturbation equations for F(T, T_G) cosmology and provides physical interpretations for new contributions in each mode.
-
Machine Learning in the 2HDM2S model for Dark Matter
A 2HDM extended by two real scalar singlets is scanned with evolutionary strategies to locate regions satisfying vacuum, unitarity, oblique-parameter, collider and dark-matter constraints.
-
Cosmological Dynamics of a Non-Canonical Generalised Brans-Dicke Theory
A non-canonical generalized Brans-Dicke theory admits background cosmological solutions matching Lambda CDM characteristics for constant, power-law, and exponential potentials, with dynamics distinct from other scalar-tensor models.
-
Cosmic-Ray Signatures of Annihilating and Semi-Annihilating Dark Matter via One-Step Cascades
A largely model-independent framework links dark matter annihilation, mediator decays, and semi-annihilation to both thermal freeze-out and present-day gamma-ray, neutrino, and antimatter fluxes, with benchmarks showing how their relative strengths shape observable spectra.
-
Observational constraints on nonlocal black holes via gravitational lensing
Nonlocal black holes remain consistent with general relativity at the 1.13-sigma level after joint lensing and quasinormal-mode constraints.
-
Intertwined Constraints in Extended Cosmologies: Dark Energy, Curvature, Neutrinos, and Inflation
Dynamical dark energy remains preferred across extended models while curvature, neutrino mass and inflation parameters show strong model dependence, with no resolution of the H0 tension.
-
Ultralight dark matter mixed with primordial black holes
In mixed ULDM-PBH halos the continuum PBH contribution alters soliton structure at the tens-of-percent level while discrete shot noise induces mode transitions too slow to matter on galactic timescales.
-
Hidden-sectors search and probe of discrete symmetries at the REDTOP experiment
REDTOP targets O(10^14) eta and O(10^12) eta-prime decays to probe four hidden sector portals and test CP/T invariance plus lepton universality.
-
Freeze-in $SU(2)$ vector dark matter at low reheating temperature
Low-reheating-temperature freeze-in of SU(2) vector dark matter yields three stable degenerate states and enlarges the viable parameter space relative to abelian models, with part already constrained by PandaX-4T and LZ.
-
Seasons of Dark Matter Freeze-In Shaped by the Weather of the Early Universe
Variations in pre-nucleosynthesis cosmology produce distinct seasons in the phase-space distribution of freeze-in dark matter, directly affecting its warmness and mass bounds.
-
Interacting bosonic dark energy and fermionic dark matter in Einstein scalar Gauss-Bonnet gravity
Models of interacting bosonic dark energy and fermionic dark matter in Einstein-scalar-Gauss-Bonnet gravity with exponential and power-law potentials are dynamically analyzed and constrained by observational data, showing consistency with LambdaCDM.
-
Freeze-In Dark Matter and Leptogenesis: a $\psi'$SM route
In an E6-derived ψ'SM extension, a singlet fermion acts as freeze-in dark matter with relic density set by scalar decays for masses from a few MeV to hundreds of GeV, while type-I seesaw neutrinos simultaneously produce the observed baryon asymmetry via leptogenesis.
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In-depth analysis of the clustering of dark matter particles around primordial black holes. Part III: CMB constraints
CMB data limits the s-wave annihilation cross section of thermal dark matter particles to ≲ 10^{-30} cm³/s scaled by PBH fraction and mass for PBHs heavier than ~10^{-10} solar masses.
-
Light Neutralino Dark Matter in a Supersymmetric Pati-Salam Framework
In the supersymmetric Pati-Salam framework, light bino-like neutralino dark matter below 110 GeV survives all constraints in bulk and Z-funnel regions for negative mu, with a right-handed stau next-to-lightest particle below 120 GeV.
-
Machine Learning for Multi-messenger Probes of New Physics and Cosmology: A Review and Perspective
A review summarizing machine learning methods for multi-messenger probes of dark matter and new physics, with a proposed plan for future integrated analyses.
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Dynamical Boson Stars
Boson stars are particle-like solutions in general relativity that model dark matter, black hole mimickers, and binary systems.
- Multi Component Dark Matter in a Minimal Model