First radio observations of SN 2023fyq detect a dense circumstellar shell with mass-loss rate ~0.004 solar masses per year ejected 0.7-3 years before explosion, consistent with a merger origin.
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Binary interactions and cluster dynamics boost PISN rates by up to 3x versus single stars, enabling constraints on stellar-wind mass loss and galaxy metallicity distributions.
AGN dust tori can form tens of millions of planetesimals from Earth to super-Jupiter masses via streaming instability, with continued growth to stellar masses through pebble and gas accretion.
Hybrid hydro/direct N-body simulations of dense high-redshift gas clouds form very massive stars via runaway collisions that collapse to IMBHs capable of growing from ~6700 to ~62000 solar masses in 100 Myr under optimistic assumptions.
N-body simulations demonstrate runaway GW BBH mergers in dense BH clusters (≥5×10^9 M⊙/pc³) produce ~10³ M⊙ IMBHs within 10 Myr.
Efficient mass transfer in binaries naturally limits the mass of the first-born black hole and produces a sharp drop above 45 solar masses that mimics the pair-instability gap.
GWTC-4 data analysis yields a pair-instability mass gap lower edge at 44.3^{+5.9}_{-3.5} M_⊙, an S-factor of 268^{+195}_{-116} keV b for ^{12}C(α,γ)^{16}O, and two populations supporting both direct formation and hierarchical mergers.
Introduces a frequentist p-value approach to falsify models of binary black hole formation for events such as GW190521, showing some models are adequate while others are not.
Numerical simulations find that off-center carbon burning in accreting CO white dwarfs produces substantial Si and S abundances that depend on initial carbon content, supporting the double WD merger scenario for SN 2021yfj-like events.
A stripped-star-motivated five-component model for binary black hole populations is preferred over the LVK baseline by a log10 Bayes factor of 7.69 and attributes the observed mass features to isolated, dynamical, and hierarchical formation channels.
No evidence for core-collapse formed low-spin IMBHs in GWTC-4, with 90% upper limit on merger rate of 0.077 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, low-spin BH mass truncation at 65 solar masses consistent with pair-instability gap lower edge, and high-spin IMBHs from hierarchical mergers.
Coupled cosmological and cluster simulations show isolated binary evolution cannot produce GW231123-like mergers at the observed redshift, while hierarchical mergers in globular clusters can, yielding a local rate of 0.78 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} peaking at z=4-6.
SLSN 2021bnw is best fit by a core-collapse explosion of a star with initial mass at least 61 solar masses, ejecta of 15-22.5 solar masses containing 1.7 solar masses of nickel-56 and 4 foe energy colliding with 7 solar masses of circumstellar matter.
Slowly rotating 80-85 solar mass Pop III stars form black holes of similar mass with dimensionless spins up to 0.7, just below the pair-instability gap.
Long-term multi-band photometry of SN 2019vxm shows initial thick CSM interaction, photosphere decoupling at 80-100 days, long-lasting dust emission, and a possible outer CSM rebrightening, implying a massive progenitor with extreme pre-explosion mass loss.
SN 2025ngs is a short-plateau supernova resembling SN 1998S but fainter, with spectral evidence for interaction with a proximate ring-like circumstellar medium around a supergiant progenitor.
A review chapter sketching the neutrino-driven mechanism for core-collapse supernovae, the importance of nuclear physics inputs, and multi-messenger signals.
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The first radio view of a type Ibn supernova in SN 2023fyq: Understanding the mass-loss history in the last decade before the explosion
First radio observations of SN 2023fyq detect a dense circumstellar shell with mass-loss rate ~0.004 solar masses per year ejected 0.7-3 years before explosion, consistent with a merger origin.
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The impact of stellar binaries and star cluster dynamics on pair-instability supernovae
Binary interactions and cluster dynamics boost PISN rates by up to 3x versus single stars, enabling constraints on stellar-wind mass loss and galaxy metallicity distributions.
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Active Galactic Nucleus Tori: Potential Birthplace to Millions of Planets
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From Dense Gas Clouds to Supermassive Black Hole Seeds: Hybrid Hydro/Direct $N$-body Simulations of Runaway Collision-driven Intermediate-mass Black Hole Formation
Hybrid hydro/direct N-body simulations of dense high-redshift gas clouds form very massive stars via runaway collisions that collapse to IMBHs capable of growing from ~6700 to ~62000 solar masses in 100 Myr under optimistic assumptions.
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Rapid intermediate-mass black hole formation via runaway mergers of black holes
N-body simulations demonstrate runaway GW BBH mergers in dense BH clusters (≥5×10^9 M⊙/pc³) produce ~10³ M⊙ IMBHs within 10 Myr.
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Binary Evolution Can Mimic the Pair-Instability Mass Gap in Black Hole Mergers
Efficient mass transfer in binaries naturally limits the mass of the first-born black hole and produces a sharp drop above 45 solar masses that mimics the pair-instability gap.
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Gravitational-wave constraints on the pair-instability mass gap and nuclear burning in massive stars
GWTC-4 data analysis yields a pair-instability mass gap lower edge at 44.3^{+5.9}_{-3.5} M_⊙, an S-factor of 268^{+195}_{-116} keV b for ^{12}C(α,γ)^{16}O, and two populations supporting both direct formation and hierarchical mergers.
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Are all models wrong? Falsifying binary formation models in gravitational-wave astronomy
Introduces a frequentist p-value approach to falsify models of binary black hole formation for events such as GW190521, showing some models are adequate while others are not.
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Elemental Abundances from Off-center Carbon Burning in Accreting CO White Dwarfs: Implications for SN 2021yfj-like events
Numerical simulations find that off-center carbon burning in accreting CO white dwarfs produces substantial Si and S abundances that depend on initial carbon content, supporting the double WD merger scenario for SN 2021yfj-like events.
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Compactness Peaks and Subpopulations: Probing Stellar Physics and Formation Channels of Merging Binary Black Holes
A stripped-star-motivated five-component model for binary black hole populations is preferred over the LVK baseline by a log10 Bayes factor of 7.69 and attributes the observed mass features to isolated, dynamical, and hierarchical formation channels.
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How do the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA's Heavy Black Holes Form? No evidence for core-collapse Intermediate-mass black holes in GWTC-4
No evidence for core-collapse formed low-spin IMBHs in GWTC-4, with 90% upper limit on merger rate of 0.077 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1}, low-spin BH mass truncation at 65 solar masses consistent with pair-instability gap lower edge, and high-spin IMBHs from hierarchical mergers.
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Investigating the formation channel of GW231123: Population III stars or hierarchical mergers?
Coupled cosmological and cluster simulations show isolated binary evolution cannot produce GW231123-like mergers at the observed redshift, while hierarchical mergers in globular clusters can, yielding a local rate of 0.78 Gpc^{-3} yr^{-1} peaking at z=4-6.
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Helium superluminous SN 2021bnw : an explosion of a massive star with a pre-outburst
SLSN 2021bnw is best fit by a core-collapse explosion of a star with initial mass at least 61 solar masses, ejecta of 15-22.5 solar masses containing 1.7 solar masses of nickel-56 and 4 foe energy colliding with 7 solar masses of circumstellar matter.
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Fast-spinning massive black holes from slowly rotating low-metallicity stars: implications for GW231123
Slowly rotating 80-85 solar mass Pop III stars form black holes of similar mass with dimensionless spins up to 0.7, just below the pair-instability gap.
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Long-term optical and near-infrared photometric evolution of SN 2019vxm, an interacting Type IIn supernova
Long-term multi-band photometry of SN 2019vxm shows initial thick CSM interaction, photosphere decoupling at 80-100 days, long-lasting dust emission, and a possible outer CSM rebrightening, implying a massive progenitor with extreme pre-explosion mass loss.
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The Eye of Sauron in SN 2025ngs: a Short-plateau Cousin of SN 1998S with Evidence for a Ring-like Circumstellar Medium
SN 2025ngs is a short-plateau supernova resembling SN 1998S but fainter, with spectral evidence for interaction with a proximate ring-like circumstellar medium around a supergiant progenitor.
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A review chapter sketching the neutrino-driven mechanism for core-collapse supernovae, the importance of nuclear physics inputs, and multi-messenger signals.
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