Chain-of-thought prompting, by including intermediate reasoning steps in few-shot examples, elicits strong reasoning abilities in large language models on arithmetic, commonsense, and symbolic tasks.
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
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abstract
Making language models bigger does not inherently make them better at following a user's intent. For example, large language models can generate outputs that are untruthful, toxic, or simply not helpful to the user. In other words, these models are not aligned with their users. In this paper, we show an avenue for aligning language models with user intent on a wide range of tasks by fine-tuning with human feedback. Starting with a set of labeler-written prompts and prompts submitted through the OpenAI API, we collect a dataset of labeler demonstrations of the desired model behavior, which we use to fine-tune GPT-3 using supervised learning. We then collect a dataset of rankings of model outputs, which we use to further fine-tune this supervised model using reinforcement learning from human feedback. We call the resulting models InstructGPT. In human evaluations on our prompt distribution, outputs from the 1.3B parameter InstructGPT model are preferred to outputs from the 175B GPT-3, despite having 100x fewer parameters. Moreover, InstructGPT models show improvements in truthfulness and reductions in toxic output generation while having minimal performance regressions on public NLP datasets. Even though InstructGPT still makes simple mistakes, our results show that fine-tuning with human feedback is a promising direction for aligning language models with human intent.
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- abstract Making language models bigger does not inherently make them better at following a user's intent. For example, large language models can generate outputs that are untruthful, toxic, or simply not helpful to the user. In other words, these models are not aligned with their users. In this paper, we show an avenue for aligning language models with user intent on a wide range of tasks by fine-tuning with human feedback. Starting with a set of labeler-written prompts and prompts submitted through the OpenAI API, we collect a dataset of labeler demonstrations of the desired model behavior, which we u
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representative citing papers
KV cache quantization silently erodes LLM safety alignment via vulnerable low-dimensional subspaces, diagnosed by Per-Channel Reduction into three failure modes and mitigated training-free with up to 97% recovery.
RefusalBench shows strict refusal rates fail to rank frontier LLMs correctly on biological safety, with provider effects and partial-compliance patterns that binary metrics miss.
Prompt injection attacks can self-replicate across LLM agents in multi-agent systems, enabling data theft, misinformation, and system disruption while propagating silently.
ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
DSPy compiles short declarative programs into LM pipelines that self-optimize and outperform both standard few-shot prompting and expert-written chains on math, retrieval, and QA tasks.
Generative agents with memory streams, reflection, and planning using LLMs exhibit believable individual and emergent social behaviors in a simulated town.
An unsupervised technique extracts latent yes-no knowledge from language model activations by locating a direction that satisfies logical consistency properties, outperforming zero-shot accuracy by 4% on average across models and datasets.
Language models generate robot policy code from natural language commands via few-shot prompting, enabling spatial-geometric reasoning, generalization, and precise control on real robots.
Controlled student-teacher experiments across four benchmarks show interactive gains are driven more by the student's ability to use feedback than by teacher quality, with self-feedback adding little beyond unguided retries.
TRL extends tandem training to RLVR pipelines, matching GRPO solo reasoning on Qwen3-4B math tasks while improving handoff robustness, reducing distributional drift, and increasing CoT legibility for the junior.
Fine-tunes EG3D using a human-preference reward on NeRF density to improve face geometry, achieving 74.4% user preference in pairwise tests with FID rising from 4.09 to 6.66.
LLM-as-an-Investigator improves diagnostic accuracy over direct prompting by using an evidence-first protocol of hypothesis generation, clarification questions, and iterative probability updates in technical problem solving.
A reliable-to-expressive curriculum with dynamic rubrics trains a 12B safety judge to achieve 94%+ accuracy with only 0.76 cross-rubric variance on three different rubric prompts.
OPD updates occupy a relaxed off-principal regime and rapidly lock into a low-dimensional subspace that is functionally sufficient for its performance, distinct from SFT and RLVR trajectories.
LLM judges exhibit high stability under neutral re-evaluation but substantial reversibility under targeted post-decision challenges, quantified via a new Evaluation Robustness Score (ERS).
TTT-RTL performs per-design test-time RL on an LLM policy with EDA-derived PPA rewards and an adaptive KL controller, reducing geometric-mean PPA product by 65.1% on RTLLM v2.0 and ADP by 59.4% on an industrial FPU unit.
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Low-resource safety failures are action failures because the harmfulness representation transfers but the decision calibration does not; this is fixed by recalibrating a high-resource gate with 1-4 target-language examples.
EST-PRM stress-tests five PRM models on 4,687 reasoning chains from MATH-500, GSM8K, and PRMBench using three label-preserving transformations and reports model-specific vulnerability patterns.
Introduces (ε,q,t,A)-behavioral indistinguishability and shows via Qwen/Llama experiments that LoRA distillation boosts semantic similarity but leaves detectable behavioral differences under adversarial evaluation.
A hybrid first-order then zeroth-order optimization approach improves robustness of safety-aligned LLMs while preserving utility, with layer-wise sensitivity estimation for efficiency.
Sampling 20,000 stories shows 11 words dominate LLM outputs across models, linked to preference data and demonstrating alignment's disproportionate effect on diversity.
BC Protocol uses dual-expert structured dialogue to elicit more natural CoT than solo expert writing, demonstrated by large gains in naturalness ratings in a controlled fiction-domain experiment.
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A Survey of Large Language Models
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