Memory augmentation in LLMs amplifies sycophancy up to 25x compared to in-context baselines due to lossy memory extraction, with two lightweight mitigations that reduce the effect while preserving recall.
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MemOS: An operating system for memory-augmented generation
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abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as foundational infrastructure in the pursuit of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). Despite their remarkable capabilities in language perception and generation, current LLMs fundamentally lack a unified and structured architecture for handling memory. They primarily rely on parametric memory (knowledge encoded in model weights) and ephemeral activation memory (context-limited runtime states). While emerging methods like Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) incorporate plaintext memory, they lack lifecycle management and multi-modal integration, limiting their capacity for long-term knowledge evolution. To address this, we introduce MemOS, a memory operating system designed for LLMs that, for the first time, elevates memory to a first-class operational resource. It builds unified mechanisms for representation, organization, and governance across three core memory types: parametric, activation, and plaintext. At its core is the MemCube, a standardized memory abstraction that enables tracking, fusion, and migration of heterogeneous memory, while offering structured, traceable access across tasks and contexts. MemOS establishes a memory-centric execution framework with strong controllability, adaptability, and evolvability. It fills a critical gap in current LLM infrastructure and lays the groundwork for continual adaptation, personalized intelligence, and cross-platform coordination in next-generation intelligent systems.
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MedMemoryBench supplies a 2,000-session synthetic medical trajectory dataset and an evaluate-while-constructing streaming protocol to expose memory saturation and reasoning failures in current agent architectures for personalized healthcare.
User facts are internalized as surgical local edits to a hash-keyed Engram memory table with reasoning skill held in a shared adapter, claimed to match LoRA recall, improve indirect reasoning 5.6x on average, and compose across users with 33,000x smaller footprint than per-user adapters.
DeLM decentralizes LLM multi-agent coordination with shared verified context, delivering up to 10.5pp gains on SWE-bench Verified and 5.7pp on LongBench-v2 while cutting cost per task by ~50%.
SkeMex distills agent trajectories into value-aware skills organized in general/task/action branches and evolves them via a closed-loop Read-Write-Assess-Govern process, outperforming prior memory agents on clinical tasks.
Rosetta Memory trains two profile-conditioned operators with a minimum-gain sampling curriculum and performance-gap reward to enable memory transfer between LLMs, showing gains on multi-hop QA benchmarks and robustness to unseen models.
SubtleMemory benchmark with 1,522 instances over 10 histories shows current memory systems are weak at fine-grained relational discrimination in long-term AI agent interactions.
PersonaTree is a new hierarchical memory framework for persistent LLM agents that structures evidence into persona claims via support paths and outperforms baselines on six person-understanding benchmarks.
MemMark enables snapshot-only attribution for agent long-term memory by embedding signals via keyed distribution-preserving sampling at memory-write decisions, recovering 40-bit payloads with near-baseline utility.
MemLens benchmark shows long-context LVLMs lose accuracy with length while memory agents lose visual fidelity, with multi-session reasoning below 30% for most systems and neither approach solving the task alone.
A new evaluation protocol shows agent memory reliability degrades variably with added irrelevant sessions depending on agent, memory interface, and scale.
Training a 9B LLM agent with reinforcement learning to actively navigate a structured multi-granularity memory pyramid yields competitive performance on memory-intensive benchmarks while preserving non-memory capabilities.
MemLeak benchmark shows retained images enable 12% recovery of deleted facts in multimodal agents (reduced to 2% with content-aware deletion), with 47% of image leaks not text-recoverable.
MetaPS trains models via simulation rollouts to select from programmatic strategy libraries for market agents, yielding better performance than fixed or direct LLM baselines across model sizes.
LifeSkill is a verifier-guided skill learning plus online internalization framework that raises average performance by 7 points over lifelong agent baselines on LifelongAgentBench.
MemGuard assigns functional roles to memories at write time and selectively retrieves only compatible types, reducing heterogeneous contamination and improving reliability by up to 28.27% with 5.8x fewer tokens.
EfficientGraph-RAG structures retrieval state with TAM, MARS and SMP, ranking first on averaged LongBench answer-quality metrics while cutting token use 3.51x on HotpotQA.
SeqMem-Eval reveals that high final accuracy in sequential LLM memory tasks often coexists with substantial forgetting and negative transfer, exposing stability-adaptability trade-offs hidden by standard aggregate metrics.
SAGE is a self-evolving agentic graph-memory engine that dynamically constructs and refines structured memory graphs via writer-reader feedback, yielding performance gains on multi-hop QA, open-domain retrieval, and long-term agent benchmarks.
The paper defines and evaluates Trojan Hippo attacks on LLM agent memory, showing 85-100% success in data exfiltration across backends and reduced rates with defenses at varying utility costs.
Opal enables private long-term memory for personal AI by decoupling reasoning to a trusted enclave with a lightweight knowledge graph and piggybacking reindexing on ORAM accesses.
Introduces Parametric Memory Law as power law for LoRA memory capacity and MemFT threshold-guided optimization for better memory fidelity.
MMPO introduces Belief Entropy as a self-supervised signal to provide fine-grained supervision for memory policies in LLM agents, outperforming outcome-based RL on long-horizon tasks up to 1.75M tokens.
VikingMem implements the Memory Base paradigm via event-centric extraction and entity updates on VikingDB with temporal compression, claiming up to 30% better retrieval effectiveness on long-term memory benchmarks.
citing papers explorer
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Recalling Too Well: Sycophancy Evaluation and Mitigation in Memory-Augmented Models
Memory augmentation in LLMs amplifies sycophancy up to 25x compared to in-context baselines due to lossy memory extraction, with two lightweight mitigations that reduce the effect while preserving recall.
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MedMemoryBench: Benchmarking Agent Memory in Personalized Healthcare
MedMemoryBench supplies a 2,000-session synthetic medical trajectory dataset and an evaluate-while-constructing streaming protocol to expose memory saturation and reasoning failures in current agent architectures for personalized healthcare.
-
User as Engram: Internalizing Per-User Memory as Local Parametric Edits
User facts are internalized as surgical local edits to a hash-keyed Engram memory table with reasoning skill held in a shared adapter, claimed to match LoRA recall, improve indirect reasoning 5.6x on average, and compose across users with 33,000x smaller footprint than per-user adapters.
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Decentralized Multi-Agent Systems with Shared Context
DeLM decentralizes LLM multi-agent coordination with shared verified context, delivering up to 10.5pp gains on SWE-bench Verified and 5.7pp on LongBench-v2 while cutting cost per task by ~50%.
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Experience Makes Skillful: Enabling Generalizable Medical Agent Reasoning via Self-Evolving Skill Memory
SkeMex distills agent trajectories into value-aware skills organized in general/task/action branches and evolves them via a closed-loop Read-Write-Assess-Govern process, outperforming prior memory agents on clinical tasks.
-
Rosetta Memory: Adaptive Memory for Cross-LLM Agents
Rosetta Memory trains two profile-conditioned operators with a minimum-gain sampling curriculum and performance-gap reward to enable memory transfer between LLMs, showing gains on multi-hop QA benchmarks and robustness to unseen models.
-
SubtleMemory: A Benchmark for Fine-Grained Relational Memory Discrimination in Long-Horizon AI Agents
SubtleMemory benchmark with 1,522 instances over 10 histories shows current memory systems are weak at fine-grained relational discrimination in long-term AI agent interactions.
-
PersonaTree: Structured Lifecycle Memory for Person Understanding in LLM Agents
PersonaTree is a new hierarchical memory framework for persistent LLM agents that structures evidence into persona claims via support paths and outperforms baselines on six person-understanding benchmarks.
-
MemMark: State-Evolution Attribution Watermarking for Agent Long-Term Memory Systems
MemMark enables snapshot-only attribution for agent long-term memory by embedding signals via keyed distribution-preserving sampling at memory-write decisions, recovering 40-bit payloads with near-baseline utility.
-
MemLens: Benchmarking Multimodal Long-Term Memory in Large Vision-Language Models
MemLens benchmark shows long-context LVLMs lose accuracy with length while memory agents lose visual fidelity, with multi-session reasoning below 30% for most systems and neither approach solving the task alone.
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When Stored Evidence Stops Being Usable: Scale-Conditioned Evaluation of Agent Memory
A new evaluation protocol shows agent memory reliability degrades variably with added irrelevant sessions depending on agent, memory interface, and scale.
-
From Passive Retrieval to Active Memory Navigation: Learning to Use Memory as a Structured Action Space
Training a 9B LLM agent with reinforcement learning to actively navigate a structured multi-granularity memory pyramid yields competitive performance on memory-intensive benchmarks while preserving non-memory capabilities.
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MemLeak: Diagnosing Information Leaks in Multimodal Agent Memory
MemLeak benchmark shows retained images enable 12% recovery of deleted facts in multimodal agents (reduced to 2% with content-aware deletion), with 47% of image leaks not text-recoverable.
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MetaPS: Adaptive Programmatic Strategy Selection for Market Agents
MetaPS trains models via simulation rollouts to select from programmatic strategy libraries for market agents, yielding better performance than fixed or direct LLM baselines across model sizes.
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Learning While Acting: A Skill-Enhanced Test-Time Co-Evolution Framework for Online Lifelong Learning Agents
LifeSkill is a verifier-guided skill learning plus online internalization framework that raises average performance by 7 points over lifelong agent baselines on LifelongAgentBench.
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MemGuard: Preventing Memory Contamination in Long-Term Memory-Augmented Large Language Models
MemGuard assigns functional roles to memories at write time and selectively retrieves only compatible types, reducing heterogeneous contamination and improving reliability by up to 28.27% with 5.8x fewer tokens.
-
EfficientGraph-RAG: Structured Retrieval-State Management for Cross-Task Retrieval-Augmented Generation
EfficientGraph-RAG structures retrieval state with TAM, MARS and SMP, ranking first on averaged LongBench answer-quality metrics while cutting token use 3.51x on HotpotQA.
-
Is One Score Enough? Rethinking the Evaluation of Sequentially Evolving LLM Memory
SeqMem-Eval reveals that high final accuracy in sequential LLM memory tasks often coexists with substantial forgetting and negative transfer, exposing stability-adaptability trade-offs hidden by standard aggregate metrics.
-
SAGE: A Self-Evolving Agentic Graph-Memory Engine for Structure-Aware Associative Memory
SAGE is a self-evolving agentic graph-memory engine that dynamically constructs and refines structured memory graphs via writer-reader feedback, yielding performance gains on multi-hop QA, open-domain retrieval, and long-term agent benchmarks.
-
Trojan Hippo: Weaponizing Agent Memory for Data Exfiltration
The paper defines and evaluates Trojan Hippo attacks on LLM agent memory, showing 85-100% success in data exfiltration across backends and reduced rates with defenses at varying utility costs.
-
Opal: Private Memory for Personal AI
Opal enables private long-term memory for personal AI by decoupling reasoning to a trusted enclave with a lightweight knowledge graph and piggybacking reindexing on ORAM accesses.
-
How LoRA Remembers? A Parametric Memory Law for LLM Finetuning
Introduces Parametric Memory Law as power law for LoRA memory capacity and MemFT threshold-guided optimization for better memory fidelity.
-
Meta-Cognitive Memory Policy Optimization for Long-Horizon LLM Agents
MMPO introduces Belief Entropy as a self-supervised signal to provide fine-grained supervision for memory policies in LLM agents, outperforming outcome-based RL on long-horizon tasks up to 1.75M tokens.
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VikingMem: A Memory Base Management System for Stateful LLM-based Applications
VikingMem implements the Memory Base paradigm via event-centric extraction and entity updates on VikingDB with temporal compression, claiming up to 30% better retrieval effectiveness on long-term memory benchmarks.
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Memory-R2: Fair Credit Assignment for Long-Horizon Memory-Augmented LLM Agents
Memory-R2 proposes LoGo-GRPO to fix unfair trajectory comparisons in RL training of memory-augmented LLM agents by combining global end-to-end rewards with local rerollouts from identical memory states.
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PyraVid: Hierarchical Multimodal Memory for Long-Horizon Video Reasoning
PyraVid is a hierarchical multimodal memory system that structures long videos into pyramids to improve long-horizon reasoning and evidence aggregation.
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Retrieval Is Not Enough: Why Organizational AI Needs Epistemic Infrastructure
OIDA is a proposed framework that represents organizational knowledge as epistemic Knowledge Objects with class-specific importance decay and signed contradictions, plus a QUESTION mechanism that surfaces modeled ignorance via inverse decay.
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MemMachine: A Ground-Truth-Preserving Memory System for Personalized AI Agents
MemMachine stores entire conversational episodes and applies contextualized retrieval plus adaptive query routing to achieve 0.9169 accuracy on LoCoMo and 93 percent on LongMemEvalS while using 80 percent fewer tokens than Mem0.
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Agentic Reasoning for Large Language Models
The survey structures agentic reasoning for LLMs into foundational, self-evolving, and collective multi-agent layers while distinguishing in-context orchestration from post-training optimization and reviewing applications across domains.