Fine-tuning BERT for query-passage relevance classification achieves state-of-the-art results on TREC-CAR and MS MARCO, with a 27% relative gain in MRR@10 over prior methods.
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MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset
Tool reference. 93% of classified Pith citations use this work as a method, library, or software dependency, not as a substantive claim.
abstract
We introduce a large scale MAchine Reading COmprehension dataset, which we name MS MARCO. The dataset comprises of 1,010,916 anonymized questions---sampled from Bing's search query logs---each with a human generated answer and 182,669 completely human rewritten generated answers. In addition, the dataset contains 8,841,823 passages---extracted from 3,563,535 web documents retrieved by Bing---that provide the information necessary for curating the natural language answers. A question in the MS MARCO dataset may have multiple answers or no answers at all. Using this dataset, we propose three different tasks with varying levels of difficulty: (i) predict if a question is answerable given a set of context passages, and extract and synthesize the answer as a human would (ii) generate a well-formed answer (if possible) based on the context passages that can be understood with the question and passage context, and finally (iii) rank a set of retrieved passages given a question. The size of the dataset and the fact that the questions are derived from real user search queries distinguishes MS MARCO from other well-known publicly available datasets for machine reading comprehension and question-answering. We believe that the scale and the real-world nature of this dataset makes it attractive for benchmarking machine reading comprehension and question-answering models.
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- abstract We introduce a large scale MAchine Reading COmprehension dataset, which we name MS MARCO. The dataset comprises of 1,010,916 anonymized questions---sampled from Bing's search query logs---each with a human generated answer and 182,669 completely human rewritten generated answers. In addition, the dataset contains 8,841,823 passages---extracted from 3,563,535 web documents retrieved by Bing---that provide the information necessary for curating the natural language answers. A question in the MS MARCO dataset may have multiple answers or no answers at all. Using this dataset, we propose three dif
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representative citing papers
TriviaQA is a new large-scale dataset for reading comprehension that features complex compositional questions, high lexical variability, and cross-sentence reasoning requirements, where current baselines reach only 40% while humans reach 80%.
A 0.6B LM with length-aware attention adjustments performs competitive in-context retrieval at million-token scale on MS MARCO, NQ, and LIMIT benchmarks.
HAKARI-Bench reconstructs 35 benchmarks into 551 tasks across 43 languages, reproducing full MTEB, MMTEB, and BEIR rankings with Spearman correlation above 0.97 while supporting efficiency variant comparisons.
RNG-Bench evaluates MLLMs on hidden-observation reconstruction in non-Markov games, finds forgetting as the dominant error source, and shows fine-tuning on optimal rollouts improves performance with transfer to other benchmarks.
An adaptive two-phase semantic filter using clustering then a hybrid proxy trained on LLM confidence achieves 1.6-2.0x speedup over prior methods at 90% accuracy on 10K document corpora.
LLM rerankers can internally predict ranking quality via self-consistency of sampled outputs, matching SOTA external QPP while direct confidence is overconfident; supervised token-efficient methods improve calibration.
Spectral Retrieval uses multi-scale sinc convolutions on token embeddings to interpolate between per-token MaxSim and mean-pooling, achieving large gains on synthetic and LIMIT-small benchmarks for localized retrieval.
Layer-wise Token Compression applies adaptive token pooling at middle transformer layers for cross-encoder rerankers, preserving MS MARCO ranking quality while raising QPS up to 25% on passages and 116% on documents, with added gains on listwise LLM rerankers and a regularizer effect for long inputs
On-policy distillation has an extrapolation cliff at closed-form lambda*(p,b,c) set by teacher modal probability, warm-start mass, and clip strength, past which training shifts from format-preserving to format-collapsing.
BRIGHT-Pro and RTriever-Synth advance reasoning-intensive retrieval by adding multi-aspect evidence evaluation and aspect-decomposed synthetic training, with the fine-tuned RTriever-4B showing gains over its base model.
Modern text encoders resist second-order collapse under mean pooling because token embeddings concentrate tightly within texts, and this resistance correlates with stronger downstream performance.
UnIte selects target-domain documents for pseudo-query generation by filtering high aleatoric uncertainty and prioritizing high epistemic uncertainty, yielding +2.45 to +3.49 nDCG@10 gains on BEIR with ~4k samples.
A product-key parametric memory head with selective sparse updates mitigates catastrophic forgetting in generative retrieval models during sequential addition of new documents.
LLM-based dense retrievers generalize better when instruction-tuned but pay a specialization tax when optimized for reasoning; they resist typos and corpus poisoning better than encoder-only baselines yet remain vulnerable to semantic perturbations, with larger models and certain embedding geometry,
A single query-specific poisoned document, built by extracting and iteratively refining an adversarial chain-of-thought, can substantially degrade reasoning accuracy in retrieval-augmented LLM systems.
Spectral Tempering derives an adaptive scaling factor γ(k) from the embedding eigenspectrum via local SNR analysis and knee-point normalization to achieve near-optimal compression without training or validation.
ScrapeGraphAI-100k releases 93,695 real telemetry examples pairing web page content with prompts, schemas, and LLM responses to support training and benchmarking of schema-constrained generation.
A survey that defines Compound AI Systems, proposes a multi-dimensional taxonomy based on component roles and orchestration strategies, reviews four foundational paradigms, and identifies key challenges for future research.
GAIA benchmark shows humans at 92% accuracy on simple real-world questions far outperform current AI systems at 15%, proposing this gap as a key milestone for general AI.
RAG models set new state-of-the-art results on open-domain QA by retrieving Wikipedia passages and conditioning a generative model on them, while also producing more factual text than parametric baselines.
BoolQ introduces naturally occurring yes/no questions as a challenging benchmark where BERT fine-tuned on MultiNLI reaches 80.4% accuracy against 90% human performance.
Permutation-invariant fine-tuning (PI-FT) randomizes field order and applies dropout during embedding model training to eliminate sensitivity to serialization order, reducing order-change penalty from 7.4 to 0.2 nDCG@10 on a generated multilingual DevDataBench while outperforming zero-shot baselines
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citing papers explorer
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Passage Re-ranking with BERT
Fine-tuning BERT for query-passage relevance classification achieves state-of-the-art results on TREC-CAR and MS MARCO, with a 27% relative gain in MRR@10 over prior methods.
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TriviaQA: A Large Scale Distantly Supervised Challenge Dataset for Reading Comprehension
TriviaQA is a new large-scale dataset for reading comprehension that features complex compositional questions, high lexical variability, and cross-sentence reasoning requirements, where current baselines reach only 40% while humans reach 80%.
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Can Language Models Actually Retrieve In-Context? Drowning in Documents at Million Token Scale
A 0.6B LM with length-aware attention adjustments performs competitive in-context retrieval at million-token scale on MS MARCO, NQ, and LIMIT benchmarks.
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HAKARI-Bench: A Lightweight Benchmark for Comparing Retrieval Architectures and Efficiency Settings under Unified Conditions
HAKARI-Bench reconstructs 35 benchmarks into 551 tasks across 43 languages, reproducing full MTEB, MMTEB, and BEIR rankings with Spearman correlation above 0.97 while supporting efficiency variant comparisons.
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Beyond the Current Observation: Evaluating Multimodal Large Language Models in Controllable Non-Markov Games
RNG-Bench evaluates MLLMs on hidden-observation reconstruction in non-Markov games, finds forgetting as the dominant error source, and shows fine-tuning on optimal rollouts improves performance with transfer to other benchmarks.
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Fast LLM-Based Semantic Filtering: From a Unified Framework to an Adaptive Two-Phase Method
An adaptive two-phase semantic filter using clustering then a hybrid proxy trained on LLM confidence achieves 1.6-2.0x speedup over prior methods at 90% accuracy on 10K document corpora.
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Can LLM Rerankers Predict Their Own Ranking Performance?
LLM rerankers can internally predict ranking quality via self-consistency of sampled outputs, matching SOTA external QPP while direct confidence is overconfident; supervised token-efficient methods improve calibration.
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Spectral Retrieval: Multi-Scale Sinc Convolution over Token Embeddings for Localized Retrieval in LLM Multi-Agent Systems
Spectral Retrieval uses multi-scale sinc convolutions on token embeddings to interpolate between per-token MaxSim and mean-pooling, achieving large gains on synthetic and LIMIT-small benchmarks for localized retrieval.
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Layer-wise Token Compression for Efficient Document Reranking
Layer-wise Token Compression applies adaptive token pooling at middle transformer layers for cross-encoder rerankers, preserving MS MARCO ranking quality while raising QPS up to 25% on passages and 116% on documents, with added gains on listwise LLM rerankers and a regularizer effect for long inputs
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The Extrapolation Cliff in On-Policy Distillation of Near-Deterministic Structured Outputs
On-policy distillation has an extrapolation cliff at closed-form lambda*(p,b,c) set by teacher modal probability, warm-start mass, and clip strength, past which training shifts from format-preserving to format-collapsing.
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Rethinking Reasoning-Intensive Retrieval: Evaluating and Advancing Retrievers in Agentic Search Systems
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Why Mean Pooling Works: Quantifying Second-Order Collapse in Text Embeddings
Modern text encoders resist second-order collapse under mean pooling because token embeddings concentrate tightly within texts, and this resistance correlates with stronger downstream performance.
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UnIte: Uncertainty-based Iterative Document Sampling for Domain Adaptation in Information Retrieval
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A Parametric Memory Head for Continual Generative Retrieval
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On the Robustness of LLM-Based Dense Retrievers: A Systematic Analysis of Generalizability and Stability
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AdversarialCoT: Single-Document Retrieval Poisoning for LLM Reasoning
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Spectral Tempering for Embedding Compression in Dense Passage Retrieval
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BoolQ: Exploring the Surprising Difficulty of Natural Yes/No Questions
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