SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
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Darwin Godel Machine: Open-Ended Evolution of Self-Improving Agents
Canonical reference. 85% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
27
Pith papers citing it
Background
85% of classified citations
abstract
Today's AI systems have human-designed, fixed architectures and cannot autonomously and continuously improve themselves. The advance of AI could itself be automated. If done safely, that would accelerate AI development and allow us to reap its benefits much sooner. Meta-learning can automate the discovery of novel algorithms, but is limited by first-order improvements and the human design of a suitable search space. The G\"odel machine proposed a theoretical alternative: a self-improving AI that repeatedly modifies itself in a provably beneficial manner. Unfortunately, proving that most changes are net beneficial is impossible in practice. We introduce the Darwin G\"odel Machine (DGM), a self-improving system that iteratively modifies its own code (thereby also improving its ability to modify its own codebase) and empirically validates each change using coding benchmarks. Inspired by Darwinian evolution and open-endedness research, the DGM maintains an archive of generated coding agents. It grows the archive by sampling an agent from it and using a foundation model to create a new, interesting, version of the sampled agent. This open-ended exploration forms a growing tree of diverse, high-quality agents and allows the parallel exploration of many different paths through the search space. Empirically, the DGM automatically improves its coding capabilities (e.g., better code editing tools, long-context window management, peer-review mechanisms), increasing performance on SWE-bench from 20.0% to 50.0%, and on Polyglot from 14.2% to 30.7%. Furthermore, the DGM significantly outperforms baselines without self-improvement or open-ended exploration. All experiments were done with safety precautions (e.g., sandboxing, human oversight). The DGM is a significant step toward self-improving AI, capable of gathering its own stepping stones along paths that unfold into endless innovation.
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representative citing papers
AEvo introduces a meta-agent that edits the evolution procedure or agent context based on accumulated state, outperforming baselines by 26% relative improvement on agentic benchmarks and achieving SOTA on open-ended tasks.
Agentic-imodels evolves scikit-learn regressors via an autoresearch loop to jointly boost predictive performance and LLM-simulatability, improving downstream agentic data science tasks by up to 73% on the BLADE benchmark.
LLM adaptive exploration via runtime code execution outperforms static query generation for information extraction from heterogeneous BIM models on the new ifc-bench v2 benchmark.
Comet-H orchestrates LLMs via deficit-scoring prompt selection and half-life task tracking to co-evolve research software components, demonstrated by a static analysis tool reaching F1=0.768 versus a 0.364 baseline.
AI coding agents evolve simple ground-state protocols into improved versions for VQE, DMRG, and AFQMC on spin models and molecules by using executable energy scores under fixed compute budgets.
SWE-EVO shows GPT-5.4 with OpenHands reaching only 25% success on complex multi-file evolution tasks versus 72.8% on SWE-Bench Verified, and introduces Fix Rate as a partial-progress metric.
A co-evolutionary VLM-VGM loop on 500 unlabeled images raises planner success by 30 points and simulator success by 48 percent while beating fully supervised baselines.
Generate-Select-Refine is an open-ended Bayesian optimization method that generates tasks and concentrates evaluations on the best one with only logarithmic regret overhead relative to standard single-task optimization.
LLM agents trained with a task-success reward on self-generated knowledge can spontaneously explore and adapt to new environments without any rewards or instructions at inference, yielding 20% gains on web tasks and allowing a 14B model to beat Gemini-2.5-Flash.
AgentGA optimizes agent seeds with genetic algorithms and parent-archive inheritance to improve autonomous code generation, beating a baseline on 15 of 16 Kaggle competitions.
Co-evolving LLM-generated solutions with their evaluators enables discovery of novel database algorithms that outperform state-of-the-art baselines, including a query rewrite policy with up to 6.8x lower latency.
Multi-agent deep research systems self-optimize prompts through self-play to match or outperform expert-crafted versions.
The paper maps agent memory research via three forms (token-level, parametric, latent), three functions (factual, experiential, working), and dynamics of formation/evolution/retrieval, plus benchmarks and future directions.
DERL is a differentiable bi-level method that evolves optimal reward structures for RL policies by composing atomic primitives and using meta-gradients from validation performance.
ShinkaEvolve improves sample efficiency in LLM-driven program evolution via parent sampling, code novelty rejection-sampling, and bandit LLM ensemble selection, achieving new SOTA circle packing with 150 samples and gains on math reasoning and competitive programming tasks.
EvE co-evolves code solvers and guidance states via synchronous races and Elo updates, discovering a rescale-then-interpolate mechanism that enables example-count generalization in ICON.
Multiple standard techniques for instilling dispositions in small LMs consistently failed across five models, with initial apparent gains revealed as artifacts and cross-validation collapsing to chance.
Agent-generated tests mainly act as observational feedback channels and do not meaningfully improve issue resolution success in current LLM software engineering agents.
The paper delivers a stage-by-stage roadmap for AI in research, showing reliable assistance in retrieval and tool tasks but fragility in novelty and judgment, advocating human-governed collaboration.
Under fixed token budget on Circle Packing, deeper per-candidate reasoning beats generating more shallow candidates, and capable models produce evaluation hacks at higher rates.
Agent Cybernetics reframes foundation agent design by adapting classical cybernetics laws into three engineering desiderata for reliable, long-running, self-improving agents.
This survey frames foundation agents using brain-inspired modular architectures and reviews challenges in evolution, collaboration, and safety.
citing papers explorer
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SimWorld Studio: Automatic Environment Generation with Evolving Coding Agent for Embodied Agent Learning
SimWorld Studio deploys an evolving coding agent to create adaptive 3D environments that co-evolve with embodied learners, delivering 18-point success-rate gains over fixed environments in navigation benchmarks.
-
Harnessing Agentic Evolution
AEvo introduces a meta-agent that edits the evolution procedure or agent context based on accumulated state, outperforming baselines by 26% relative improvement on agentic benchmarks and achieving SOTA on open-ended tasks.
-
Agentic-imodels: Evolving agentic interpretability tools via autoresearch
Agentic-imodels evolves scikit-learn regressors via an autoresearch loop to jointly boost predictive performance and LLM-simulatability, improving downstream agentic data science tasks by up to 73% on the BLADE benchmark.
-
BIM Information Extraction Through LLM-based Adaptive Exploration
LLM adaptive exploration via runtime code execution outperforms static query generation for information extraction from heterogeneous BIM models on the new ifc-bench v2 benchmark.
-
Theory Under Construction: Orchestrating Language Models for Research Software Where the Specification Evolves
Comet-H orchestrates LLMs via deficit-scoring prompt selection and half-life task tracking to co-evolve research software components, demonstrated by a static analysis tool reaching F1=0.768 versus a 0.364 baseline.
-
Optimizing ground state preparation protocols with autoresearch
AI coding agents evolve simple ground-state protocols into improved versions for VQE, DMRG, and AFQMC on spin models and molecules by using executable energy scores under fixed compute budgets.
-
SWE-EVO: Benchmarking Coding Agents in Long-Horizon Software Evolution Scenarios
SWE-EVO shows GPT-5.4 with OpenHands reaching only 25% success on complex multi-file evolution tasks versus 72.8% on SWE-Bench Verified, and introduces Fix Rate as a partial-progress metric.
-
RoboEvolve: Co-Evolving Planner-Simulator for Robotic Manipulation with Limited Data
A co-evolutionary VLM-VGM loop on 500 unlabeled images raises planner success by 30 points and simulator success by 48 percent while beating fully supervised baselines.
-
Open-Ended Task Discovery via Bayesian Optimization
Generate-Select-Refine is an open-ended Bayesian optimization method that generates tasks and concentrates evaluations on the best one with only logarithmic regret overhead relative to standard single-task optimization.
-
Training LLM Agents for Spontaneous, Reward-Free Self-Evolution via World Knowledge Exploration
LLM agents trained with a task-success reward on self-generated knowledge can spontaneously explore and adapt to new environments without any rewards or instructions at inference, yielding 20% gains on web tasks and allowing a 14B model to beat Gemini-2.5-Flash.
-
AgentGA: Evolving Code Solutions in Agent-Seed Space
AgentGA optimizes agent seeds with genetic algorithms and parent-archive inheritance to improve autonomous code generation, beating a baseline on 15 of 16 Kaggle competitions.
-
AI-Driven Research for Databases
Co-evolving LLM-generated solutions with their evaluators enables discovery of novel database algorithms that outperform state-of-the-art baselines, including a query rewrite policy with up to 6.8x lower latency.
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Self-Optimizing Multi-Agent Systems for Deep Research
Multi-agent deep research systems self-optimize prompts through self-play to match or outperform expert-crafted versions.
-
Memory in the Age of AI Agents
The paper maps agent memory research via three forms (token-level, parametric, latent), three functions (factual, experiential, working), and dynamics of formation/evolution/retrieval, plus benchmarks and future directions.
-
Differentiable Evolutionary Reinforcement Learning
DERL is a differentiable bi-level method that evolves optimal reward structures for RL policies by composing atomic primitives and using meta-gradients from validation performance.
-
ShinkaEvolve: Towards Open-Ended And Sample-Efficient Program Evolution
ShinkaEvolve improves sample efficiency in LLM-driven program evolution via parent sampling, code novelty rejection-sampling, and bandit LLM ensemble selection, achieving new SOTA circle packing with 150 samples and gains on math reasoning and competitive programming tasks.
-
Evolutionary Ensemble of Agents
EvE co-evolves code solvers and guidance states via synchronous races and Elo updates, discovering a rescale-then-interpolate mechanism that enables example-count generalization in ICON.
-
Disposition Distillation at Small Scale: A Three-Arc Negative Result
Multiple standard techniques for instilling dispositions in small LMs consistently failed across five models, with initial apparent gains revealed as artifacts and cross-validation collapsing to chance.
-
Rethinking the Value of Agent-Generated Tests for LLM-Based Software Engineering Agents
Agent-generated tests mainly act as observational feedback channels and do not meaningfully improve issue resolution success in current LLM software engineering agents.
-
AI for Auto-Research: Roadmap & User Guide
The paper delivers a stage-by-stage roadmap for AI in research, showing reliable assistance in retrieval and tool tasks but fragility in novelty and judgment, advocating human-governed collaboration.
-
Effective Harness Engineering for Algorithm Discovery with Coding Agents
Under fixed token budget on Circle Packing, deeper per-candidate reasoning beats generating more shallow candidates, and capable models produce evaluation hacks at higher rates.
-
The Agent Use of Agent Beings: Agent Cybernetics Is the Missing Science of Foundation Agents
Agent Cybernetics reframes foundation agent design by adapting classical cybernetics laws into three engineering desiderata for reliable, long-running, self-improving agents.
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Advances and Challenges in Foundation Agents: From Brain-Inspired Intelligence to Evolutionary, Collaborative, and Safe Systems
This survey frames foundation agents using brain-inspired modular architectures and reviews challenges in evolution, collaboration, and safety.
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- Shepherd: A Runtime Substrate Empowering Meta-Agents with a Formalized Execution Trace
- Deconstructing Superintelligence: Identity, Self-Modification and Diff\'erance
- Toward Training Superintelligent Software Agents through Self-Play SWE-RL