Derives an exact telescoping decomposition of the naive RLVR reward-design estimator into null, elicitation, and reward-design terms on a tabular-GRPO simulator, measures the components across prior strengths, and validates via pre-registered factorial experiments plus re-audits of prior papers.
super hub Canonical reference
Holistic Evaluation of Language Models
Canonical reference. 84% of citing Pith papers cite this work as background.
151
Pith papers citing it
Background
84% of classified citations
abstract
Language models (LMs) are becoming the foundation for almost all major language technologies, but their capabilities, limitations, and risks are not well understood. We present Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM) to improve the transparency of language models. First, we taxonomize the vast space of potential scenarios (i.e. use cases) and metrics (i.e. desiderata) that are of interest for LMs. Then we select a broad subset based on coverage and feasibility, noting what's missing or underrepresented (e.g. question answering for neglected English dialects, metrics for trustworthiness). Second, we adopt a multi-metric approach: We measure 7 metrics (accuracy, calibration, robustness, fairness, bias, toxicity, and efficiency) for each of 16 core scenarios when possible (87.5% of the time). This ensures metrics beyond accuracy don't fall to the wayside, and that trade-offs are clearly exposed. We also perform 7 targeted evaluations, based on 26 targeted scenarios, to analyze specific aspects (e.g. reasoning, disinformation). Third, we conduct a large-scale evaluation of 30 prominent language models (spanning open, limited-access, and closed models) on all 42 scenarios, 21 of which were not previously used in mainstream LM evaluation. Prior to HELM, models on average were evaluated on just 17.9% of the core HELM scenarios, with some prominent models not sharing a single scenario in common. We improve this to 96.0%: now all 30 models have been densely benchmarked on the same core scenarios and metrics under standardized conditions. Our evaluation surfaces 25 top-level findings. For full transparency, we release all raw model prompts and completions publicly for further analysis, as well as a general modular toolkit. We intend for HELM to be a living benchmark for the community, continuously updated with new scenarios, metrics, and models.
hub tools
citation-role summary
background 22
dataset 2
other 1
citation-polarity summary
claims ledger
- abstract Language models (LMs) are becoming the foundation for almost all major language technologies, but their capabilities, limitations, and risks are not well understood. We present Holistic Evaluation of Language Models (HELM) to improve the transparency of language models. First, we taxonomize the vast space of potential scenarios (i.e. use cases) and metrics (i.e. desiderata) that are of interest for LMs. Then we select a broad subset based on coverage and feasibility, noting what's missing or underrepresented (e.g. question answering for neglected English dialects, metrics for trustworthiness).
authors
co-cited works
representative citing papers
AI model builders mostly highlight unique benchmarks that act as flexible narrative tools for market positioning rather than standardized scientific measurements.
EnergyAgentBench is a new benchmark with 70 task variants that evaluates LLM agents on live energy data for datacenter siting, long-horizon optimization, and causal grid diagnosis.
MCP-Atlas is a new benchmark with 1000 tasks on production MCP servers that uses claim-level scoring to evaluate LLM agents on realistic multi-step tool-use competency.
Continuous auditing creates an unavoidable cover regime in which static auditors cannot simultaneously eliminate coverage and granularity failures, shown via new policies, strategies, and a reproducible simulator.
CLQT is a new closed-loop, cost-aware benchmark that diagnoses LLM trading agent capabilities through strategy-consistent metrics and hash-verifiable trails rather than outcome rankings.
BehaviorBench is a benchmark for foundation models on behavioral tasks that reveals fine-tuned behavioral models outperform general models on distributional alignment while general models lead on individual-level accuracy.
MAC-Bench is a new adversarial benchmark that converts legal texts into executable scenarios via the SERV pipeline to measure procedural compliance in multi-agent LLM systems using CSR and MG metrics.
Invariant Gradient Alignment uses Logical Isomer Sets and a Continuous Gradient Conflict Mask to tighten OOD generalization bounds and boost empirical performance over ERM in reasoning distillation.
Face-Feature Tuning is a label-free logit remapping method that reduces FPR/TPR gaps across groups in deepfake detection while preserving overall accuracy.
RealClawBench turns 281 real OpenClaw sessions into reproducible tasks that preserve the original distribution and shows the best of 14 models solves only 65.8 percent.
OR-Space is a benchmark for LLM agents performing full-lifecycle optimization tasks across Build, Revise, and Explain modes in executable multi-artifact workspaces.
SiDP distributes model weights across a DP group with WaS and CaS modes to increase KV cache capacity by up to 1.8x and end-to-end throughput by up to 1.5x over vLLM on H20/H200/B200 GPUs for offline LLM inference.
Language models display brittle safety by failing to adapt when context flips reverse action safety, with standard guardrails blind to consequence-flip scenarios.
Introduces the Grounded Observer framework that applies robotics-inspired formal constructs for runtime constraint enforcement on foundation model interaction trajectories in socially sensitive domains.
GRASP aggregates stable local LLM interaction judgments into global argument rankings via a convergent attack-defense propagation operator on interaction graphs, yielding higher reproducibility than holistic judging and no correlation with human convincingness.
SpikeProphecy decomposes spike-count forecasting performance into temporal fidelity, spatial pattern accuracy, and magnitude-invariant alignment, revealing reproducible brain-region predictability rankings and a sub-Poisson evaluation floor across seven model families on 105 Neuropixels sessions.
Develops a causal framework unifying generative AI fairness with standard ML, with new decompositions, identification conditions, and estimators demonstrated on LLM race and gender bias.
Hebatron is the first open-weight Hebrew MoE LLM adapted from Nemotron-3, reaching 73.8% on Hebrew reasoning benchmarks while activating only 3B parameters per pass and supporting 65k-token context.
LLMs routinely produce unsupported causal stories for personal sensing anomalies, and richer evidence or constrained prompts do not reliably eliminate this epistemic overreach.
Medical VLMs frequently select negated options that contradict visible chest X-ray findings, achieving only ~30% accuracy on direct presence probes, but a post-hoc consistency verifier raises accuracy above 95%.
iTRIALSPACE generates realistic virtual lesion trials on lung CTs that isolate performance drivers and show strong transfer of model rankings to real clinical data (ρ=0.93).
LLMSpace is the first framework to jointly model operational and embodied carbon for LLM inference on LEO satellites, incorporating radiation-hardened hardware, peripheral systems, and workload patterns such as prefill-decode behavior.
Coral cuts multi-LLM serving costs by up to 2.79x and raises goodput by up to 2.39x on heterogeneous GPUs through adaptive joint optimization and a lossless two-stage decomposition that solves quickly.
citing papers explorer
-
GAIA: a benchmark for General AI Assistants
GAIA benchmark shows humans at 92% accuracy on simple real-world questions far outperform current AI systems at 15%, proposing this gap as a key milestone for general AI.
-
QLoRA: Efficient Finetuning of Quantized LLMs
QLoRA finetunes 4-bit quantized LLMs via LoRA adapters to match full-precision performance while using far less memory, enabling 65B-scale training on single GPUs and producing Guanaco models near ChatGPT level.
-
Language Models Don't Always Say What They Think: Unfaithful Explanations in Chain-of-Thought Prompting
Chain-of-thought explanations in LLMs are frequently unfaithful: models systematically omit mention of biasing prompt features that change their answers and instead produce rationalizations for those biased outputs.
-
The Falcon Series of Open Language Models
Falcon-180B is a 180B-parameter open decoder-only model trained on 3.5 trillion tokens that approaches PaLM-2-Large performance at lower cost and is released with dataset extracts.
-
H$_2$O: Heavy-Hitter Oracle for Efficient Generative Inference of Large Language Models
H2O evicts non-heavy-hitter tokens from the KV cache using a dynamic submodular policy, retaining recent and frequent-co-occurrence tokens to reduce memory while preserving accuracy.
-
Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena
GPT-4 as an LLM judge achieves over 80% agreement with human preferences on MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena, matching human agreement levels and providing a scalable evaluation method.
-
Scaling Data-Constrained Language Models
Repeating training data up to 4 epochs yields negligible loss increase versus unique data for fixed compute, and a new scaling law accounts for the decaying value of repeated tokens and excess parameters.
-
Towards Expert-Level Medical Question Answering with Large Language Models
Med-PaLM 2 achieves 86.5% accuracy on MedQA and approaches or exceeds prior state-of-the-art on other medical QA benchmarks while receiving higher physician preference ratings than human answers on consumer questions.
-
AGIEval: A Human-Centric Benchmark for Evaluating Foundation Models
AGIEval shows GPT-4 exceeding average human scores on SAT Math at 95% and Chinese college entrance English at 92.5%, while revealing weaker results on complex reasoning tasks.
-
BloombergGPT: A Large Language Model for Finance
BloombergGPT is a 50B parameter LLM trained on a 708B token mixed financial and general dataset that outperforms prior models on financial benchmarks while preserving general LLM performance.
-
Trustworthy LLMs: a Survey and Guideline for Evaluating Large Language Models' Alignment
Survey organizes LLM trustworthiness into seven categories and 29 sub-categories, measures eight sub-categories on popular models, and finds that more aligned models generally score higher but with varying effectiveness.
-
PaLM 2 Technical Report
PaLM 2 reports state-of-the-art results on language, reasoning, and multilingual tasks with improved efficiency over PaLM.
-
StarCoder: may the source be with you!
StarCoderBase matches or beats OpenAI's code-cushman-001 on multi-language code benchmarks; the Python-fine-tuned StarCoder reaches 40% pass@1 on HumanEval while retaining other-language performance.