The authors create the first large-scale dataset and taxonomy of failure modes in multi-agent LLM systems to explain their limited performance gains.
super hub Mixed citations
Judging LLM-as-a-Judge with MT-Bench and Chatbot Arena
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (47%).
209
Pith papers citing it
Background
47% of classified citations
abstract
Evaluating large language model (LLM) based chat assistants is challenging due to their broad capabilities and the inadequacy of existing benchmarks in measuring human preferences. To address this, we explore using strong LLMs as judges to evaluate these models on more open-ended questions. We examine the usage and limitations of LLM-as-a-judge, including position, verbosity, and self-enhancement biases, as well as limited reasoning ability, and propose solutions to mitigate some of them. We then verify the agreement between LLM judges and human preferences by introducing two benchmarks: MT-bench, a multi-turn question set; and Chatbot Arena, a crowdsourced battle platform. Our results reveal that strong LLM judges like GPT-4 can match both controlled and crowdsourced human preferences well, achieving over 80% agreement, the same level of agreement between humans. Hence, LLM-as-a-judge is a scalable and explainable way to approximate human preferences, which are otherwise very expensive to obtain. Additionally, we show our benchmark and traditional benchmarks complement each other by evaluating several variants of LLaMA and Vicuna. The MT-bench questions, 3K expert votes, and 30K conversations with human preferences are publicly available at https://github.com/lm-sys/FastChat/tree/main/fastchat/llm_judge.
hub tools
citation-role summary
background 15
method 10
dataset 4
baseline 1
citation-polarity summary
claims ledger
- abstract Evaluating large language model (LLM) based chat assistants is challenging due to their broad capabilities and the inadequacy of existing benchmarks in measuring human preferences. To address this, we explore using strong LLMs as judges to evaluate these models on more open-ended questions. We examine the usage and limitations of LLM-as-a-judge, including position, verbosity, and self-enhancement biases, as well as limited reasoning ability, and propose solutions to mitigate some of them. We then verify the agreement between LLM judges and human preferences by introducing two benchmarks: MT-be
authors
co-cited works
representative citing papers
ORPO performs preference alignment during supervised fine-tuning via a monolithic odds ratio penalty, allowing 7B models to outperform larger state-of-the-art models on alignment benchmarks.
LongBench is the first bilingual multi-task benchmark for long context understanding in LLMs, containing 21 datasets in 6 categories with average lengths of 6711 words (English) and 13386 characters (Chinese).
Gradient and greedy search over token suffixes produces universal, transferable adversarial prompts that elicit objectionable outputs from aligned models including black-box commercial systems.
Analysis of 500k ChatGPT logs shows over one-third of conversations generate fiction, dominated by power users with repetitive and niche patterns.
Low-resource safety failures are action failures because the harmfulness representation transfers but the decision calibration does not; this is fixed by recalibrating a high-resource gate with 1-4 target-language examples.
RWGBench is a citation-centric benchmark for related work generation built from 40k CS papers and a 100-paper test set, with multi-dimensional metrics that better match human expert judgment than standard similarity scores.
Introduces (ε,q,t,A)-behavioral indistinguishability and shows via Qwen/Llama experiments that LoRA distillation boosts semantic similarity but leaves detectable behavioral differences under adversarial evaluation.
A Behavioral Specification interpretive layer improves representational accuracy for AI personalization by compressing user data into patterns, outperforming raw corpora and commercial memory systems on held-out behavioral predictions across 14 autobiographical corpora while reducing context cost.
OR-Space is a benchmark for LLM agents performing full-lifecycle optimization tasks across Build, Revise, and Explain modes in executable multi-artifact workspaces.
Self-evolving rubric with anti-gaming fitness reveals that objective capability scaling fails to transfer to subjective LLM behaviors, with advice-restraint as the universal lowest dimension that can regress.
LLMs show severe staleness after training cutoffs and recency bias on historical German statutes; RAG with version filtering mitigates both better than web search.
A multi-agent pipeline iteratively refines topology optimization outputs to match natural language preferences for branched structures, achieving 60% success rate across replicates in cantilever and phone-stand tasks.
Introduces the stochastic-deterministic boundary (SDB) as a load-bearing primitive for LLM agent runtimes and provides a five-step methodology plus catalog of six patterns adapted from distributed systems.
DecisionBench supplies a fixed task suite, model pool, delegation interface, and multi-axis metrics to evaluate emergent delegation, showing similar quality across awareness conditions but 15-31 point headroom under perfect delegation.
SCICONVBENCH is a new benchmark evaluating LLMs on multi-turn disambiguation and inconsistency resolution for task formulation in computational science, with frontier models reaching only 52.7% success on fluid mechanics disambiguation cases.
CBEA with LCV bounds evidence sets and validates commitments before response generation, achieving zero failures in scoped tests at 0.49-0.60 availability versus near-zero for baselines.
Belief Engine is a configurable belief-update mechanism for multi-agent LLM systems that uses structured argument extraction and log-odds stance updates to make evidence-grounded deliberation inspectable and controllable.
Test-Time Hinting trains a hint generator to prepend contextual guidance to VLM prompts, improving accuracy on natural-image VQA benchmarks with generalization to unseen tasks and models.
Presents a likelihood-based benchmark for equation-suffix prediction in technical papers with controls to detect shortcut vulnerabilities in model forecasts.
LLM multi-agent systems on lattices show bias-driven order-disorder crossovers instead of true phase transitions, with extracted effective couplings and fields serving as model-specific fingerprints.
SlimSpec replaces the standard LM-head in draft models with a low-rank version to deliver 4-5x faster speculative decoding while preserving full vocabulary and competitive acceptance rates.
ProactBench measures LLM conversational proactivity in three phases using 198 multi-agent dialogues and finds recovery behavior hard to predict from existing benchmarks.
LLMs routinely produce unsupported causal stories for personal sensing anomalies, and richer evidence or constrained prompts do not reliably eliminate this epistemic overreach.
citing papers explorer
-
Why Do Multi-Agent LLM Systems Fail?
The authors create the first large-scale dataset and taxonomy of failure modes in multi-agent LLM systems to explain their limited performance gains.
-
OR-Space: A Full-Lifecycle Workspace Benchmark for Industrial Optimization Agents
OR-Space is a benchmark for LLM agents performing full-lifecycle optimization tasks across Build, Revise, and Explain modes in executable multi-artifact workspaces.
-
TO-Agents: A Multi-Agent AI Pipeline for Preference-Guided Topology Optimization
A multi-agent pipeline iteratively refines topology optimization outputs to match natural language preferences for branched structures, achieving 60% success rate across replicates in cantilever and phone-stand tasks.
-
A Methodology for Selecting and Composing Runtime Architecture Patterns for Production LLM Agents
Introduces the stochastic-deterministic boundary (SDB) as a load-bearing primitive for LLM agent runtimes and provides a five-step methodology plus catalog of six patterns adapted from distributed systems.
-
DecisionBench: A Benchmark for Emergent Delegation in Long-Horizon Agentic Workflows
DecisionBench supplies a fixed task suite, model pool, delegation interface, and multi-axis metrics to evaluate emergent delegation, showing similar quality across awareness conditions but 15-31 point headroom under perfect delegation.
-
SCICONVBENCH: Benchmarking LLMs on Multi-Turn Clarification for Task Formulation in Computational Science
SCICONVBENCH is a new benchmark evaluating LLMs on multi-turn disambiguation and inconsistency resolution for task formulation in computational science, with frontier models reaching only 52.7% success on fluid mechanics disambiguation cases.
-
Recall Isn't Enough: Bounding Commitments in Personalized Language Systems
CBEA with LCV bounds evidence sets and validates commitments before response generation, achieving zero failures in scoped tests at 0.49-0.60 availability versus near-zero for baselines.
-
Belief Engine: Configurable and Inspectable Stance Dynamics in Multi-Agent LLM Deliberation
Belief Engine is a configurable belief-update mechanism for multi-agent LLM systems that uses structured argument extraction and log-odds stance updates to make evidence-grounded deliberation inspectable and controllable.
-
HiPO: Hierarchical Preference Optimization for Adaptive Reasoning in LLMs
HiPO improves LLM reasoning performance by optimizing preferences separately on response segments rather than entire outputs.
-
More Thinking, More Bias: Length-Driven Position Bias in Reasoning Models
Position bias scales positively with reasoning trajectory length in CoT models, shown by partial correlations and truncation interventions across multiple benchmarks and model scales.
-
Don't Start What You Can't Finish: A Counterfactual Audit of Support-State Triage in LLM Agents
LLM agents overcommit on non-complete tasks at 41.7% unless given explicit support-state categories, which raise typed deferral accuracy to 91.7%.
-
Evaluating Tool-Using Language Agents: Judge Reliability, Propagation Cascades, and Runtime Mitigation in AgentProp-Bench
AgentProp-Bench shows substring judging agrees with humans at kappa=0.049, LLM ensemble at 0.432, bad-parameter injection propagates with ~0.62 probability, rejection and recovery are independent, and a runtime fix cuts hallucinations 23pp on GPT-4o-mini but not Gemini-2.0-Flash.
-
The cognitive companion: a lightweight parallel monitoring architecture for detecting and recovering from reasoning degradation in LLM agents
A parallel Cognitive Companion architecture reduces repetition in LLM agents by 52-62% on loop-prone tasks using LLM monitoring with 11% overhead or zero-overhead probes on hidden states, with benefits depending on task type.
-
IoT-Brain: Grounding LLMs for Semantic-Spatial Sensor Scheduling
IoT-Brain uses a neuro-symbolic Spatial Trajectory Graph to ground LLMs for verifiable semantic-spatial sensor scheduling, achieving 37.6% higher task success with lower resource use on a campus-scale benchmark.
-
An Agentic Evaluation Architecture for Historical Bias Detection in Educational Textbooks
An agentic architecture with multimodal screening, a five-agent jury, meta-synthesis, and source attribution protocol detects biases in Romanian history textbooks more accurately than zero-shot baselines, achieving 83.3% acceptable excerpts and human preference in 64.8% of blind comparisons.
-
LatentAudit: Real-Time White-Box Faithfulness Monitoring for Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Verifiable Deployment
LatentAudit monitors RAG faithfulness in real time via Mahalanobis distance on residual-stream activations, reaching 0.942 AUROC on PubMedQA with 0.77 ms overhead and supporting Groth16 verification.
-
Omni-R1: Towards the Unified Generative Paradigm for Multimodal Reasoning
Omni-R1 unifies multimodal reasoning by generating intermediate images during the process in a SFT-plus-RL framework, with an Omni-R1-Zero variant that matches or exceeds it using only text data.
-
LLM Self-Recognition: Steering and Retrieving Activation Signatures
Steering LLM residual streams with random sparse vectors creates detectable self-recognition fingerprints that enable over 98% accurate attribution of generated text to specific models without degrading output quality.
-
DeepSurvey: Enhancing Analytical Depth and Citation Reliability in Automated Survey Generation
DeepSurvey introduces an agentic system for automated survey generation that improves depth through full-text keynotes, cross-paper clustering, and code analysis, while boosting citation reliability via graph expansion, hybrid filtering, and evidence-constrained assignment, with reported gains over
-
Verifiable Benchmarking of Long-Horizon Spatial Biology
Introduces SpatialBench-Long benchmark with 24 evaluations on spatial biology datasets from PDAC, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinoma and optic nerve systems, reporting top model performance at 8/72 runs (11.1%).
-
Know When To Fold 'Em: Token-Efficient LLM Synthetic Data Generation via Multi-Stage In-Flight Rejection
MSIFR stops faulty LLM generations early via staged rule-based checks, reducing token consumption 11-78% with no accuracy loss.
-
Can Agent Benchmarks Support Their Scores? Evidence-Supported Bounds for Interactive-Agent Evaluation
Agent benchmarks can report evidence-supported score bounds instead of single misleading success rates by adding a layer that checks required artifacts for outcome verification.
-
OPT-BENCH: Evaluating the Iterative Self-Optimization of LLM Agents in Large-Scale Search Spaces
OPT-BENCH and OPT-Agent evaluate LLM self-optimization in large search spaces, showing stronger models improve via feedback but stay constrained by base capacity and below human performance.
-
Evaluating Agentic AI in the Wild: Failure Modes, Drift Patterns, and a Production Evaluation Framework
The paper presents a taxonomy of seven production-specific failure modes for agentic AI, demonstrates that existing metrics fail to detect four of them entirely, and proposes the PAEF five-dimension framework for continuous production evaluation with an open-source implementation.
-
Iterative Finetuning is Mostly Idempotent
Iterative self-finetuning of LLMs mostly fails to amplify seeded behavioral traits, with amplification limited to specific DPO setups and often harming coherence.
-
Where and What: Reasoning Dynamic and Implicit Preferences in Situated Conversational Recommendation
SiPeR improves recommendation accuracy and response quality in situated conversations by estimating scene transitions and performing Bayesian inverse inference with multimodal LLMs.
-
ActuBench: A Multi-Agent LLM Pipeline for Generation and Evaluation of Actuarial Reasoning Tasks
ActuBench is a multi-agent LLM pipeline for generating and evaluating actuarial reasoning tasks, with evaluations of 50 models showing effective verification, competitive local open-weights models, and differing rankings between MCQ and LLM-judge scoring.
-
CreativeGame:Toward Mechanic-Aware Creative Game Generation
CreativeGame enables iterative HTML5 game generation via mechanic-guided planning, lineage memory, runtime validation, and programmatic rewards to produce inspectable version-to-version mechanic evolution.
-
Beyond RAG for Cyber Threat Intelligence: A Systematic Evaluation of Graph-Based and Agentic Retrieval
A hybrid graph-text retrieval system for cyber threat intelligence improves multi-hop question answering by up to 35% over vector-based RAG on a 3,300-question benchmark.
-
TrajOnco: a multi-agent framework for temporal reasoning over longitudinal EHR for multi-cancer early detection
TrajOnco uses a chain-of-agents LLM architecture with memory to perform temporal reasoning on longitudinal EHR, achieving 0.64-0.80 AUROC for 1-year multi-cancer risk prediction in zero-shot mode on matched cohorts while matching supervised ML on lung cancer and outperforming single-agent baselines.
-
In-situ process monitoring for defect detection in wire-arc additive manufacturing: an agentic AI approach
A multi-agent AI framework using processing and acoustic agents achieves 91.6% accuracy and 0.821 F1 score for in-situ porosity defect detection in wire-arc additive manufacturing.
-
Can Large Language Models Reinvent Foundational Algorithms?
LLMs reinvention success reaches 50% with no hints and 90% with moderate hints on 10 algorithms, but complex cases like Strassen's require test-time RL and still fail without sufficient guidance.
-
Label Effects: Shared Heuristic Reliance in Trust Assessment by Humans and LLM-as-a-Judge
Both humans and LLMs trust content more when labeled human-authored than AI-generated, with LLMs showing denser attention to labels and higher uncertainty under AI labels, mirroring human heuristic patterns.
-
Weakly Supervised Distillation of Hallucination Signals into Transformer Representations
Weak supervision signals can be distilled into LLM hidden states so that simple probes on internal activations detect hallucinations at inference without external tools.
-
Simulating the Evolution of Alignment and Values in Machine Intelligence
Evolutionary simulations demonstrate that deceptive beliefs fix in AI model populations despite strong test correlations, but combining adaptive tests, better evaluators, and mutations significantly reduces deception.
-
Evaluating Artificial Intelligence Through a Christian Understanding of Human Flourishing
Frontier AI models default to procedural secularism and score 17 points lower on Christian human-flourishing criteria than on pluralistic ones, with a 31-point gap in faith and spirituality.
-
Agentic Business Process Management: A Research Manifesto
Agentic Business Process Management reframes BPM around autonomous agents that must exhibit framed autonomy, explainability, conversational actionability, and self-modification to keep their actions aligned with organizational objectives.
-
ClinicalReTrial: Clinical Trial Redesign with Self-Evolving Agents
ClinicalReTrial is a closed-loop multi-agent system that redesigns textual clinical trial protocols to raise predicted success probability by 5.7% on average while costing $0.12 per trial.
-
Don't Pass@k: A Bayesian Framework for Large Language Model Evaluation
A Dirichlet-prior Bayesian estimator for model success probability replaces Pass@k, delivering faster-converging and more stable rankings with credible intervals on math benchmarks.
-
Inference Scaling Laws: An Empirical Analysis of Compute-Optimal Inference for Problem-Solving with Language Models
Empirical analysis shows scaling inference compute via strategies like tree search can be more efficient than scaling model parameters, with 7B models plus novel search outperforming 34B models.
-
Math-Shepherd: Verify and Reinforce LLMs Step-by-step without Human Annotations
Math-Shepherd is an automatically trained process reward model that scores solution steps to verify and reinforce LLMs, lifting Mistral-7B from 77.9% to 89.1% on GSM8K and 28.6% to 43.5% on MATH.
-
MemGPT: Towards LLMs as Operating Systems
MemGPT uses OS-inspired virtual context management to extend LLM context windows for large document analysis and long-term multi-session chat.
-
GPTFUZZER: Red Teaming Large Language Models with Auto-Generated Jailbreak Prompts
GPTFuzz is a black-box fuzzing framework that mutates seed jailbreak templates to automatically generate effective attacks, achieving over 90% success rates on models including ChatGPT and Llama-2.
-
A Fixed-Budget, Cluster-Aware Standard for LLM-as-a-Judge Evaluation: A Multi-Hop RAG Stress Test
Proposes a minimum measurement standard for LLM-as-a-judge in multi-hop RAG that fixes budgets and requires cluster-aware inference, showing it alters which baseline comparisons remain significant.
-
QQJ: Quantifying Qualitative Judgment for Scalable and Human-Aligned Evaluation of Generative AI
QQJ is an evaluation framework that anchors LLM judges in expert rubrics and calibrates them on small high-quality annotation sets to improve alignment with human judgment on generative tasks.
-
ChemVA: Advancing Large Language Models on Chemical Reaction Diagrams Understanding
ChemVA framework uses hybrid-granularity visual anchors and entity-name alignment to improve LLM performance on chemical reaction diagrams by ~20 points, reaching 92% structural accuracy on the new OCRD-Bench dataset.
-
Decodable but Not Corrected by Fixed Residual-Stream Linear Steering: Evidence from Medical LLM Failure Regimes
Overthinking in medical QA is linearly decodable at 71.6% accuracy yet fixed residual-stream steering yields no correction across 29 configurations, while enabling selective abstention with AUROC 0.610.
-
Position: Safety and Fairness in Agentic AI Depend on Interaction Topology, Not on Model Scale or Alignment
In agentic AI, safety and fairness are governed by interaction topology rather than model scale or alignment.
-
Agent-Agnostic Evaluation of SQL Accuracy in Production Text-to-SQL Systems
STEF is a schema-agnostic evaluation framework that scores SQL generation accuracy from natural language inputs using semantic feature alignment and a composite metric.
-
GS-Quant: Granular Semantic and Generative Structural Quantization for Knowledge Graph Completion
GS-Quant generates coarse-to-fine discrete codes for KG entities via semantic hierarchy injection and causal sequence reconstruction, enabling LLMs to perform knowledge graph completion by treating the codes as vocabulary tokens.