OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
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Mind2Web: Towards a Generalist Agent for the Web
Mixed citation behavior. Most common role is background (58%).
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abstract
We introduce Mind2Web, the first dataset for developing and evaluating generalist agents for the web that can follow language instructions to complete complex tasks on any website. Existing datasets for web agents either use simulated websites or only cover a limited set of websites and tasks, thus not suitable for generalist web agents. With over 2,000 open-ended tasks collected from 137 websites spanning 31 domains and crowdsourced action sequences for the tasks, Mind2Web provides three necessary ingredients for building generalist web agents: 1) diverse domains, websites, and tasks, 2) use of real-world websites instead of simulated and simplified ones, and 3) a broad spectrum of user interaction patterns. Based on Mind2Web, we conduct an initial exploration of using large language models (LLMs) for building generalist web agents. While the raw HTML of real-world websites are often too large to be fed to LLMs, we show that first filtering it with a small LM significantly improves the effectiveness and efficiency of LLMs. Our solution demonstrates a decent level of performance, even on websites or entire domains the model has never seen before, but there is still a substantial room to improve towards truly generalizable agents. We open-source our dataset, model implementation, and trained models (https://osu-nlp-group.github.io/Mind2Web) to facilitate further research on building a generalist agent for the web.
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representative citing papers
Promptbreeder evolves both task prompts and the mutation prompts that improve them using LLMs, outperforming Chain-of-Thought and Plan-and-Solve on arithmetic and commonsense reasoning benchmarks.
ScaleWoB generates 100+ synthetic interactive GUI environments and 1000+ verifiable tasks as web pages, releasing a 120-task mobile benchmark where state-of-the-art agents achieve 27.92% success (17.82% on long-horizon tasks) versus 92.08% for humans, with synthetic results generalizing to real apps
EngiAI introduces a LangGraph-based multi-agent framework and a three-part benchmark suite for LLM-driven engineering design, reporting high task completion rates for proprietary models on Beams2D and Photonics2D problems.
The paper defines accidental meltdowns as unsafe agent behavior triggered by benign errors and reports that such meltdowns occur in 64.7% of evaluated rollouts across GPT, Grok, and Gemini agents.
DecisionBench supplies a fixed task suite, model pool, delegation interface, and multi-axis metrics to evaluate emergent delegation, showing similar quality across awareness conditions but 15-31 point headroom under perfect delegation.
UI traces of actions and timings from LLM browser agents enable identification of the underlying model with up to 96% F1 across 14 models and multiple tasks.
MMSkills packages multimodal procedural knowledge into state-conditioned skills with text, state cards, and multi-view keyframes, generated from public trajectories via an agentic process and used at inference via branch-loaded inspection to improve visual agents on GUI and game benchmarks.
Checkup2Action is a new multimodal dataset and benchmark for generating safe, prioritized action cards from real-world clinical check-up reports using large language models.
Evolving-RL jointly optimizes experience extraction and utilization in LLM agents via RL with separate evaluation signals, delivering up to 98.7% relative gains on out-of-distribution tasks in ALFWorld and Mind2Web.
Agentic browsers are vulnerable to 20 web and LLM attacks with 18 implemented, exposing five failure modes across four major LLM models that require redesign before safe deployment.
OCR-Memory encodes agent trajectories as images with visual anchors and retrieves verbatim text via locate-and-transcribe, yielding gains on long-horizon benchmarks under strict context limits.
PlayCoder raises the rate of LLM-generated GUI apps that can be played end-to-end without logic errors from near zero to 20.3% Play@3 by adding repository-aware generation, agent-driven testing, and iterative repair.
Public defenders view AI as most useful for evidence investigation but limited in courtroom work and strategy, with adoption blocked by costs, confidentiality risks, and norms, requiring human oversight and open development.
WorkArena benchmark shows LLM web agents achieve partial success on enterprise tasks but have a substantial gap to full automation and perform worse with open-source models.
Failure-driven self-improvement raises OpenCUA-72B success rate on OSWorld from 42.3% to 48.9% via LLM diagnosis and inference-time code patches, without retraining.
GUITestScape supplies an interactive benchmark for exploratory GUI testing and GUIJudge supplies an open-set process-aware evaluator that outperforms baselines on MLLM agents.
Proposes a three-step benchmark design method (define work activity, specify tested setting, score work product) derived from work studies and O*NET, demonstrated via three case analyses.
SPIKE dual-controller framework raises success rates 5-9 points and cuts tokens 55% in StarDojo agents by reusing strategic plans across stable segments and escalating only at detected events.
Claw-Eval-Live benchmark with 105 tasks shows no frontier LLM agent exceeds 66.7% success rate on evolving real-world workflows, with HR and multi-system tasks as persistent bottlenecks.
Structured synthetic trajectory generation from Gemini 3 Pro enables a 9B open-weight model to reach 41.5% on WebArena, outperforming Claude 3.5 Sonnet and GPT-4o while generalizing to unseen enterprise environments.
The paper systematizes agentic skills beyond tool use, providing design pattern and representation-scope taxonomies plus security analysis of malicious skill infiltration in agent marketplaces.
PRAXIS enables AI agents to acquire procedural knowledge in real time by indexing and retrieving state-action-result experiences, leading to better accuracy, reliability, and efficiency on web browsing benchmarks.
Introduces an app-content instrumentation framework and benchmark showing that examined GUI agents suffer 42.0% and 36.1% average misleading rates from third-party content in dynamic and static tests respectively.
citing papers explorer
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OSWorld: Benchmarking Multimodal Agents for Open-Ended Tasks in Real Computer Environments
OSWorld provides the first unified real-computer benchmark for open-ended multimodal agent tasks, exposing large performance gaps between humans and state-of-the-art LLM/VLM agents.
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WorkArena: How Capable Are Web Agents at Solving Common Knowledge Work Tasks?
WorkArena benchmark shows LLM web agents achieve partial success on enterprise tasks but have a substantial gap to full automation and perform worse with open-source models.
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OS-ATLAS: A Foundation Action Model for Generalist GUI Agents
OS-Atlas, trained on the largest open-source cross-platform GUI grounding corpus of 13 million elements, outperforms prior open-source models on six benchmarks across mobile, desktop, and web platforms.
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GuardAgent: Safeguard LLM Agents by a Guard Agent via Knowledge-Enabled Reasoning
GuardAgent safeguards LLM agents by generating task plans from safety requests and mapping them to executable guardrail code, achieving over 98% accuracy on a healthcare access-control benchmark and 83% on a web safety benchmark.
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LiveCodeBench: Holistic and Contamination Free Evaluation of Large Language Models for Code
LiveCodeBench collects 400 recent contest problems to create a contamination-free benchmark evaluating LLMs on code generation and related capabilities like self-repair and execution.
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InjecAgent: Benchmarking Indirect Prompt Injections in Tool-Integrated Large Language Model Agents
InjecAgent benchmark demonstrates that tool-integrated LLM agents are vulnerable to indirect prompt injection attacks, with ReAct-prompted GPT-4 succeeding on 24% of attacks and nearly twice that rate when attacker instructions are reinforced.
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WebVoyager: Building an End-to-End Web Agent with Large Multimodal Models
WebVoyager uses a large multimodal model to complete real-world web tasks end-to-end and reaches 59.1 percent success on a new benchmark of 15 live sites, with an automatic GPT-4V evaluator that matches human judgments 85 percent of the time.
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SeeClick: Harnessing GUI Grounding for Advanced Visual GUI Agents
SeeClick improves visual GUI agents via GUI grounding pre-training on automatically curated data and introduces the ScreenSpot benchmark, with results indicating that stronger grounding boosts downstream task performance.
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GPT-4V(ision) is a Generalist Web Agent, if Grounded
GPT-4V achieves 51.1% success on live web tasks as a generalist agent when plans are manually grounded, outperforming text-only models, but automatic grounding lags far behind oracle performance.
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Understanding the planning of LLM agents: A survey
A survey that provides a taxonomy of methods for improving planning in LLM-based agents across task decomposition, plan selection, external modules, reflection, and memory.
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Agent AI: Surveying the Horizons of Multimodal Interaction
The paper defines Agent AI as interactive multimodal systems that perceive grounded data and generate embodied actions, arguing this approach can mitigate hallucinations in foundation models.