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On the Numerical Integration of Einstein's Field Equations

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9 Pith papers citing it
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abstract

Many numerical codes now under development to solve Einstein's equations of general relativity in 3+1 dimensional spacetimes employ the standard ADM form of the field equations. This form involves evolution equations for the raw spatial metric and extrinsic curvature tensors. Following Shibata and Nakamura, we modify these equations by factoring out the conformal factor and introducing three ``connection functions''. The evolution equations can then be reduced to wave equations for the conformal metric components, which are coupled to evolution equations for the connection functions. We evolve small amplitude gravitational waves and make a direct comparison of the numerical performance of the modified equations with the standard ADM equations. We find that the modified form exhibits much improved stability.

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gr-qc 9

representative citing papers

Lessons from binary dynamics of inspiralling equal-mass boson-star mergers

gr-qc · 2026-04-28 · unverdicted · novelty 7.0

Numerical simulations of equal-mass boson-star mergers reveal larger waveform deviations from black-hole binaries in late inspiral and merger, plus odd multipole excitations for certain scalar-field phases, with some signals degenerate until IMR consistency tests are applied.

The third wheel: ringdown and lensing of triple systems

gr-qc · 2026-05-19 · unverdicted · novelty 6.0

Numerical relativity simulations of triple black hole systems reveal redshift effects and gravitational lensing in ringdown signals from head-on mergers, with no additional black hole formation from amplified waves.

Spin-up and mass-gain in hyperbolic encounters of spinning black holes

gr-qc · 2025-10-31 · unverdicted · novelty 6.0

Numerical relativity simulations of equal-mass black holes with initial spins from -0.7 to 0.7 in hyperbolic encounters find maximum spin-up of 0.3 and mass increase of 15%, with spin-up decreasing linearly with initial spin at the threshold angle.

Dynamical Boson Stars

gr-qc · 2012-02-27 · unverdicted · novelty 2.0

Boson stars are particle-like solutions in general relativity that model dark matter, black hole mimickers, and binary systems.

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