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Parkes Pulsar Timing Array constraints on ultralight scalar-field dark matter
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abstract
It is widely accepted that dark matter contributes about a quarter of the critical mass-energy density in our Universe. The nature of dark matter is currently unknown, with the mass of possible constituents spanning nearly one hundred orders of magnitude. The ultralight scalar field dark matter, consisting of extremely light bosons with $m \sim 10^{-22}$ eV and often called "fuzzy" dark matter, provides intriguing solutions to some challenges at sub-Galactic scales for the standard cold dark matter model. As shown by Khmelnitsky and Rubakov, such a scalar field in the Galaxy would produce an oscillating gravitational potential with nanohertz frequencies, resulting in periodic variations in the times of arrival of radio pulses from pulsars. The Parkes Pulsar Timing Array (PPTA) has been monitoring 20 millisecond pulsars at two to three weeks intervals for more than a decade. In addition to the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves, PPTA offers the opportunity for direct searches for fuzzy dark matter in an astrophysically feasible range of masses. We analyze the latest PPTA data set which includes timing observations for 26 pulsars made between 2004 and 2016. We perform a search in this data set for evidence of ultralight dark matter in the Galaxy using Bayesian and Frequentist methods. No statistically significant detection has been made. We therefore place upper limits on the local dark matter density. Our limits, improving on previous searches by a factor of two to five, constrain the dark matter density of ultralight bosons with $m \leq 10^{-23}$ eV to be below $6\,\text{GeV}\,\text{cm}^{-3}$ with 95\% confidence in the Earth neighborhood. Finally, we discuss the prospect of probing the astrophysically favored mass range $m \gtrsim 10^{-22}$ eV with next-generation pulsar timing facilities.
Forward citations
Cited by 8 Pith papers
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Quantum Field Theory Of Cosmological Perturbations Induced By Ultralight Dark Matter
Classical ULDM condensate decouples from GW propagation; squeezing-induced parametric resonance of primordial tensor modes is ≲10^{-12} for non-relativistic ULDM at equality.
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Correlated signals of ultralight scalar dark matter in pulsar timing
A finite-spatial-correlation Gaussian-field prior for PTA ULDM signals interpolates between fully correlated and uncorrelated limits and is validated on blinded mock data for linear and quadratic couplings.
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Background-Induced Forces from Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter
Earth screening of quadratically coupled ultralight dark matter produces a multi-band frequency structure in the induced force whose sideband amplitudes vary annually, enabling improved constraints from MICROSCOPE and...
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Pulsar Timing Sensitivity to Dark Matter Substructure in the Presence of a Stochastic Gravitational-Wave Background
A stochastic GWB suppresses PTA reach to DM substructure by 1–3 orders of magnitude relative to white-noise forecasts, with dynamic Shapiro least affected near 10^{-2} M_⊙.
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Probing Quadratically Coupled Ultralight Dark Matter with Pulsar Timing Arrays
For quadratically coupled ultralight dark matter, pulsar timing arrays can set competitive coherent-signal limits at 10^-24–10^-22 eV, while stochastic-signal limits remain weaker than equivalence-principle constraint...
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Stochastic problems in pulsar timing
Analytical solutions to Langevin equations for red noise and GWB in pulsars show that an Ornstein-Uhlenbeck spin frequency model is inconsistent with stationary signals, while an overdamped oscillator model and a two-...
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Constraints on Ultralight Scalar and Dark Photon Dark Matter from PPTA-DR3 and EPTA-DR2
Bayesian analysis of PPTA-DR3 and EPTA-DR2 finds no statistically significant ULDM signals and sets 95% CL upper limits on scalar and dark photon dark matter, improving prior bounds in most mass ranges.
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The SKAO Pulsar Timing Array
An SKAO PTA with ~174 millisecond pulsars can dominate nanohertz GW sensitivity within four years and enable continuous-wave detections plus anisotropy maps of the gravitational-wave background.
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