pith. sign in

arxiv: 2509.05613 · v4 · pith:I6PCONL4new · submitted 2025-09-06 · ⚛️ nucl-th · nucl-ex

Collective effects in O-O and Ne-Ne collisions at sqrt{s_{NN}}=5.36 TeV from a hybrid approach

Lucas Constantin , Niklas G\"otz , Carl B. Rosenkvist , Hannah Elfner This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-18 18:32 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ⚛️ nucl-th nucl-ex
keywords hybrid modelcollective effectsO-O collisionslight-ion collisionsquark-gluon plasmahadronic transportLHC predictionsflow observables
0
0 comments X p. Extension
pith:I6PCONL4 Add to your LaTeX paper What is a Pith Number? 
\usepackage{pith}
\pithnumber{I6PCONL4}

Prints a linked pith:I6PCONL4 badge after your title and writes the identifier into PDF metadata. Compiles on arXiv with no extra files. Learn more

The pith

Hybrid hydrodynamic models predict collective flow in O-O and Ne-Ne collisions at the LHC.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper applies a hybrid approach to oxygen-oxygen and neon-neon collisions at 5.36 TeV by combining hydrodynamics for the early dense stage with hadronic transport for the later dilute stage. It runs the same events through the full hybrid model, a pure hadronic cascade, and a baseline model without collective dynamics to produce concrete predictions ahead of the 2025 LHC light-ion run. A sympathetic reader cares because the results would show whether a quark-gluon plasma phase and its collective effects appear even in these smaller systems, helping locate the onset of such behavior.

Core claim

Simulations of O-O collisions with the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid, pure SMASH transport, and Angantyr generate observable predictions that differ according to whether a hydrodynamic quark-gluon plasma stage is included, providing a direct test of collective dynamics in light-ion systems at LHC energies.

What carries the argument

The SMASH-vHLLE hybrid approach, which evolves the dense stage with viscous hydrodynamics and the dilute stage with hadronic transport, allowing side-by-side comparison to pure transport and no-collectivity baselines.

Load-bearing premise

The hybrid framework developed for large heavy-ion systems remains valid when applied to much smaller O-O and Ne-Ne collisions without major retuning.

What would settle it

If measured elliptic flow or other collective observables in O-O collisions at 5.36 TeV match the pure hadronic predictions but deviate from the hybrid results, the applicability of the hydrodynamic stage would be ruled out.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2509.05613 by Carl B. Rosenkvist, Hannah Elfner, Lucas Constantin, Niklas G\"otz.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: FIG. 1. Opacity as a function of centrality in O-O and Ne-Ne [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p003_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: FIG. 2. Comparison of the eccentricity in O-O and Ne-Ne [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: FIG. 3. Momentum rapidity ranges for the sub-event meth [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_3.png] view at source ↗
Figure 4
Figure 4. Figure 4: FIG. 4. Multiplicity distribution in O-O collisions at [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p005_4.png] view at source ↗
Figure 5
Figure 5. Figure 5: FIG. 5. Nuclear modification factor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_5.png] view at source ↗
Figure 7
Figure 7. Figure 7: FIG. 7. Triangular flow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p007_7.png] view at source ↗
Figure 8
Figure 8. Figure 8: FIG. 8 [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_8.png] view at source ↗
Figure 10
Figure 10. Figure 10: FIG. 10. Differential flow [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p008_10.png] view at source ↗
Figure 11
Figure 11. Figure 11: shows the pT -spectra that were used to cal￾culate the nuclear modification factor. The transverse momentum distribution from the hybrid approach shows a big enhancement of baryons and mesons between 2-5 GeV, and a suppression of low and high pT particles in O￾O collisions, compared to the other two models. With re￾spect to the hybrid results, the spectra from the SMASH transport and Angantyr look qualita… view at source ↗
Figure 12
Figure 12. Figure 12: FIG. 12. 4-particle cumulant [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p009_12.png] view at source ↗
Figure 13
Figure 13. Figure 13: FIG. 13. 4-particle cumulant [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_13.png] view at source ↗
Figure 14
Figure 14. Figure 14: FIG. 14. Nuclear modification factor [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p010_14.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

Many features of heavy-ion collisions are well described by hybrid approaches, where the droplet of strongly coupled quark gluon plasma (QGP) is modeled by hydrodynamics and the subsequent dilute stage is performed with a hadronic transport model. Conventionally, the formation of a QGP is well established in larger collision systems like lead and gold. However, hints of collectivity were found even in proton-proton collisions, raising the question where the onset of QGP formation lays. This study aims at making predictions for the light-ions run at the CERN Large Hadron Collider in July 2025, in order to explore the applicability of hybrid approaches in smaller collision systems. We employ three different models: the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid approach, the pure hadronic cascade of SMASH, and Angantyr to simulate O-O collisions at a center-of-mass energy of $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=5.36 TeV. This setup allows us to compare evolutions with and without a hydrodynamic description on an equal basis, while Angantyr serves as a baseline for no collective effects.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript uses the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid hydrodynamic-transport model, the pure SMASH hadronic cascade, and the Angantyr baseline to generate predictions for collective observables in O-O and Ne-Ne collisions at √s_NN = 5.36 TeV. The central goal is to test the applicability of the hybrid framework (developed for large systems) in smaller collision systems ahead of the 2025 LHC light-ion run by comparing scenarios with and without a hydrodynamic stage.

Significance. If the predictions are borne out, the work supplies concrete, falsifiable forecasts that can help map the onset of QGP-like collectivity in small systems. A clear strength is the equal-footing comparison of three independent models, which isolates the effect of the hydrodynamic evolution without circular reliance on a single framework.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the hybrid approach remains valid for O-O and Ne-Ne rests on the unstated assumption that initial conditions, switching hypersurface, and viscosity parameters can be taken unchanged from Pb-Pb settings. No benchmark against existing small-system data (p-Pb or Xe-Xe flow) is reported, which is load-bearing for the central claim that the framework can be applied without major retuning.
  2. [Model section] Model section (assumed §2): the manuscript does not quantify how the shorter lifetimes and steeper gradients expected in O-O affect the hydrodynamic validity or the switching criterion; this omission directly impacts the reliability of the predicted differences between the hybrid and pure-transport runs.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Figures] Figure captions should explicitly state whether statistical or systematic uncertainties are shown and how they are estimated for the new predictions.
  2. [Introduction] A short paragraph comparing the chosen viscosity and switching parameters to those used in prior Pb-Pb studies would improve traceability.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for the careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below and have made revisions to the manuscript where appropriate to clarify assumptions and strengthen the discussion.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: [Abstract] Abstract: the claim that the hybrid approach remains valid for O-O and Ne-Ne rests on the unstated assumption that initial conditions, switching hypersurface, and viscosity parameters can be taken unchanged from Pb-Pb settings. No benchmark against existing small-system data (p-Pb or Xe-Xe flow) is reported, which is load-bearing for the central claim that the framework can be applied without major retuning.

    Authors: We agree that the parameters (initial conditions, switching hypersurface, and viscosity) are carried over from our prior Pb-Pb studies without retuning specifically for O-O or Ne-Ne. This choice is intentional to test the framework's applicability in smaller systems on equal footing with the pure-transport and Angantyr runs. In the revised manuscript we have updated the abstract and added an explicit statement of this assumption in the introduction, together with citations to our earlier works that benchmark the same hybrid setup against p-Pb and Xe-Xe flow data. A dedicated retuning study lies outside the scope of the present predictions for the 2025 run. revision: yes

  2. Referee: [Model section] Model section (assumed §2): the manuscript does not quantify how the shorter lifetimes and steeper gradients expected in O-O affect the hydrodynamic validity or the switching criterion; this omission directly impacts the reliability of the predicted differences between the hybrid and pure-transport runs.

    Authors: We have expanded the model section to include estimates of the hydrodynamic lifetime in O-O collisions extracted from the vHLLE evolution and to restate the fixed energy-density switching criterion used. These additions clarify that the criterion is the same as in Pb-Pb but is applied after the system has expanded sufficiently. A quantitative sensitivity analysis of gradient effects on hydrodynamic validity would require additional simulations with varied switching times or viscosities, which we note as a limitation and plan to address in follow-up work; the present equal-footing comparison with pure SMASH already isolates the hydrodynamic contribution. revision: partial

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity: predictions from independent model comparison for upcoming light-ion data

full rationale

The paper applies the SMASH-vHLLE hybrid, pure SMASH cascade, and Angantyr (external baseline) to O-O collisions at 5.36 TeV without fitting parameters to the target observables or renaming inputs as predictions. The derivation chain consists of running established models side-by-side to test applicability in smaller systems; no equation reduces to its own fitted inputs by construction, no uniqueness theorem is imported from self-citation to force the framework, and Angantyr supplies an independent no-collectivity reference. The central claim is therefore self-contained against external benchmarks and future data.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

0 free parameters · 0 axioms · 0 invented entities

Abstract-only review yields no explicit free parameters, axioms, or invented entities; the work relies on standard models whose internal assumptions are not detailed here.

pith-pipeline@v0.9.0 · 5748 in / 1058 out tokens · 36827 ms · 2026-05-18T18:32:13.222233+00:00 · methodology

discussion (0)

Sign in with ORCID, Apple, or X to comment. Anyone can read and Pith papers without signing in.

Lean theorems connected to this paper

Citations machine-checked in the Pith Canon. Every link opens the source theorem in the public Lean library.

What do these tags mean?
matches
The paper's claim is directly supported by a theorem in the formal canon.
supports
The theorem supports part of the paper's argument, but the paper may add assumptions or extra steps.
extends
The paper goes beyond the formal theorem; the theorem is a base layer rather than the whole result.
uses
The paper appears to rely on the theorem as machinery.
contradicts
The paper's claim conflicts with a theorem or certificate in the canon.
unclear
Pith found a possible connection, but the passage is too broad, indirect, or ambiguous to say the theorem truly supports the claim.

Forward citations

Cited by 1 Pith paper

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Equilibrated fraction of QCD matter in high-energy oxygen--oxygen collisions

    nucl-th 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    The equilibrated core in O+O collisions overtakes the nonequilibrium corona above midrapidity multiplicity of about 20, yet corona contributions persist in central events, making pure hydrodynamics inadequate.

Reference graph

Works this paper leans on

46 extracted references · 46 canonical work pages · cited by 1 Pith paper · 24 internal anchors

  1. [1]

    Anisotropic Flow Fluctuations When computing the 2- and 4-particle correlations to estimate the anisotropic flow, we actually obtain an es- timate for the squared and quadrupled flow coefficients ⟨v2 n⟩and⟨v 4 n⟩respectively. This is a consequence of equa- tions (13) and means that the calculated flow harmonics will be systematically biased by flow fluctu...

    work page

  2. [2]

    Differential Flow Lastly, the resulting differentialv n{2}as a function of pT is shown in Figure 10. In the results from the hybrid model, the expected trend is visible, wherev 2 rises with pT due to the expansion of the QGP and a mass ordering ofv 2 from heavy to light particles can be observed, due to the heavier particles attaining morep T than lighter...

    work page

  3. [3]

    Elfner and B

    H. Elfner and B. M¨ uller, The exploration of hot and dense nuclear matter: introduction to relativistic heavy-ion physics, J. Phys. G50, 103001 (2023), arXiv:2210.12056 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2023

  4. [4]

    Gyulassy, The QGP discovered at RHIC, inNATO Advanced Study Institute: Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter(2004) pp

    M. Gyulassy, The QGP discovered at RHIC, inNATO Advanced Study Institute: Structure and Dynamics of Elementary Matter(2004) pp. 159–182, arXiv:nucl- th/0403032

    work page arXiv 2004

  5. [5]

    First Results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC

    B. Muller, J. Schukraft, and B. Wyslouch, First Results from Pb+Pb collisions at the LHC, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci.62, 361 (2012), arXiv:1202.3233 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  6. [6]

    Integrated Dynamical Approach to Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions

    T. Hirano, P. Huovinen, K. Murase, and Y. Nara, Integrated Dynamical Approach to Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.70, 108 (2013), arXiv:1204.5814 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  7. [7]

    Anisotropic flow in transport+hydrodynamics hybrid approaches

    H. Petersen, Anisotropic flow in transport + hydrody- namics hybrid approaches, J. Phys. G41, 124005 (2014), arXiv:1404.1763 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  8. [8]

    G¨ otz, I

    N. G¨ otz, I. Karpenko, and H. Elfner, Bayesian analysis of a (3+1)D hybrid approach with initial conditions from hadronic transport, Phys. Rev. C112, 014910 (2025), arXiv:2503.10181 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  9. [9]

    G. Nijs, W. van der Schee, U. G¨ ursoy, and R. Snellings, Bayesian analysis of heavy ion collisions with the heavy ion computational framework Trajectum, Phys. Rev. C 103, 054909 (2021), arXiv:2010.15134 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2021

  10. [10]

    Observation of Long-Range Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC

    V. Khachatryanet al.(CMS), Observation of Long- Range Near-Side Angular Correlations in Proton-Proton Collisions at the LHC, JHEP09, 091, arXiv:1009.4122 [hep-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  11. [11]

    Long-range angular correlations on the near and away side in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 5.02 TeV

    B. Abelevet al.(ALICE), Long-range angular corre- lations on the near and away side inp-Pb collisions at √sN N = 5.02 TeV, Phys. Lett. B719, 29 (2013), arXiv:1212.2001 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2013

  12. [12]

    Acharya et al

    S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE), Observation of partonic flow in proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions, (2024), arXiv:2411.09323 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  13. [13]

    Acharyaet al.(ALICE), Analysis of the apparent nu- clear modification in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, Phys

    S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE), Analysis of the apparent nu- clear modification in peripheral Pb–Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV, Phys. Lett. B793, 420 (2019), arXiv:1805.05212 [nucl-ex]

    work page arXiv 2019

  14. [14]

    Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central Au+Au Collisions at $sqrt {s sub {sub {NN}}}_ = 130 GeV

    K. Adcoxet al.(PHENIX), Suppression of hadrons with large transverse momentum in central Au+Au collisions at √sN N = 130-GeV, Phys. Rev. Lett.88, 022301 (2002), arXiv:nucl-ex/0109003

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2002

  15. [15]

    S. Acharyaet al.(ALICE), Transverse momentum spec- tra and nuclear modification factors of charged particles in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC, JHEP11, 013, arXiv:1802.09145 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  16. [16]

    M. Lv, Y. G. Ma, G. Q. Zhang, J. H. Chen, and D. Q. Fang, Nuclear modification factor in intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Lett. B733, 105 (2014), arXiv:1404.4394 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  17. [17]

    J. F. Grosse-Oetringhaus and U. A. Wiedemann, A Decade of Collectivity in Small Systems, (2024), arXiv:2407.07484 [hep-ex]

    work page arXiv 2024

  18. [18]

    Brewer, A

    J. Brewer, A. Mazeliauskas, and W. van der Schee, Op- portunities of OO andpO collisions at the LHC, inOp- portunities of OO and pO collisions at the LHC(2021) arXiv:2103.01939 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2021

  19. [19]

    Giacaloneet al., Anisotropic Flow in Fixed- Target Pb208+Ne20 Collisions as a Probe of Quark- Gluon Plasma, Phys

    G. Giacaloneet al., Anisotropic Flow in Fixed- Target Pb208+Ne20 Collisions as a Probe of Quark- Gluon Plasma, Phys. Rev. Lett.134, 082301 (2025), arXiv:2405.20210 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  20. [20]

    Prasad, N

    S. Prasad, N. Mallick, R. Sahoo, and G. G. Barnaf¨ oldi, Anisotropic flow fluctuation as a possible signature of clustered nuclear geometry in O–O collisions at the Large Hadron Collider, Phys. Lett. B860, 139145 (2025), arXiv:2407.15065 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  21. [21]

    Schäfer, I

    A. Sch¨ afer, I. Karpenko, X.-Y. Wu, J. Hammelmann, and H. Elfner (SMASH), Particle production in a hybrid ap- proach for a beam energy scan of Au+Au/Pb+Pb colli- sions between √sNN = 4.3 GeV and √sNN = 200.0 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. A58, 230 (2022), arXiv:2112.08724 [hep- ph]. [20]https://github.com/smash-transport/ smash-vhlle-hybrid

    work page arXiv 2022

  22. [22]

    Particle production and equilibrium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions

    J. Weilet al.(SMASH), Particle production and equilib- rium properties within a new hadron transport approach for heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C94, 054905 (2016), arXiv:1606.06642 [nucl-th]. [22]https://smash-transport.github.io/

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  23. [23]

    A 3+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code for relativistic heavy ion collisions

    I. Karpenko, P. Huovinen, and M. Bleicher, A 3+1 dimensional viscous hydrodynamic code for relativistic heavy ion collisions, Comput. Phys. Commun.185, 3016 (2014), arXiv:1312.4160 [nucl-th]. [24]https://github.com/yukarpenko/vhlle

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2014

  24. [24]

    A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3

    C. Bierlichet al., A comprehensive guide to the physics and usage of PYTHIA 8.3, SciPost Phys. Codeb.2022, 8 (2022), arXiv:2203.11601 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2022

  25. [25]

    Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions

    B. Schenke, P. Tribedy, and R. Venugopalan, Fluctuating Glasma initial conditions and flow in heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett.108, 252301 (2012), arXiv:1202.6646 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2012

  26. [26]

    Garcia-Montero, H

    O. Garcia-Montero, H. Elfner, and S. Schlichting, McDIPPER: A novel saturation-based 3+1D initial-state model for heavy ion collisions, Phys. Rev. C109, 044916 (2024), arXiv:2308.11713 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2024

  27. [27]

    Motornenko, J

    A. Motornenko, J. Steinheimer, V. Vovchenko, S. Schramm, and H. Stoecker, Equation of state for hot QCD and compact stars from a mean field approach, Phys. Rev. C101, 034904 (2020), arXiv:1905.00866 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2020

  28. [28]

    The Angantyr model for Heavy-Ion Collisions in PYTHIA8

    C. Bierlich, G. Gustafson, L. L¨ onnblad, and H. Shah, The Angantyr model for Heavy-Ion Collisions in PYTHIA8, JHEP10, 134, arXiv:1806.10820 [hep-ph]. [30]https://pythia.org

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv

  29. [29]

    Microscopic Clustering in Light Nuclei

    M. Freer, H. Horiuchi, Y. Kanada-En’yo, D. Lee, and U.-G. Meißner, Microscopic Clustering in Light Nuclei, Rev. Mod. Phys.90, 035004 (2018), arXiv:1705.06192 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  30. [30]

    Lattice simulations for few- and many-body systems

    D. Lee, Lattice simulations for few- and many-body systems, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys.63, 117 (2009), arXiv:0804.3501 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  31. [31]

    Giacalone et al., Exploiting 20Ne Isotopes for Precision Characterizations of Collectivity in Small Systems, Phys

    G. Giacaloneet al., Exploiting Ne20 Isotopes for Preci- sion Characterizations of Collectivity in Small Systems, Phys. Rev. Lett.135, 012302 (2025), arXiv:2402.05995 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2025

  32. [32]

    Deviations of the Energy-Momentum Tensor from Equilibrium in the Initial State for Hydrodynamics from Transport Approaches

    D. Oliinychenko and H. Petersen, Deviations of the Energy-Momentum Tensor from Equilibrium in the Initial State for Hydrodynamics from Trans- 12 port Approaches, Phys. Rev. C93, 034905 (2016), arXiv:1508.04378 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2016

  33. [33]

    Inghirami and H

    G. Inghirami and H. Elfner, The applicability of hydro- dynamics in heavy ion collisions at √sNN = 2.4–7.7 GeV, Eur. Phys. J. C82, 796 (2022), arXiv:2201.05934 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2022

  34. [34]

    Noronha, B

    J. Noronha, B. Schenke, C. Shen, and W. Zhao, Progress and challenges in small systems, Int. J. Mod. Phys. E33, 2430005 (2024), arXiv:2401.09208 [nucl-th]

    work page arXiv 2024

  35. [35]

    Kurkela, U

    A. Kurkela, U. A. Wiedemann, and B. Wu, Flow in AA and pA as an interplay of fluid-like and non-fluid like exci- tations, Eur. Phys. J. C79, 965 (2019), arXiv:1905.05139 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2019

  36. [36]

    V. E. Ambrus, S. Schlichting, and C. Werthmann, Opac- ity dependence of transverse flow, preequilibrium, and applicability of hydrodynamics in heavy-ion collisions, Phys. Rev. D107, 094013 (2023), arXiv:2211.14379 [hep- ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  37. [37]

    V. E. Ambrus, S. Schlichting, and C. Werthmann, Es- tablishing the Range of Applicability of Hydrodynamics in High-Energy Collisions, Phys. Rev. Lett.130, 152301 (2023), arXiv:2211.14356 [hep-ph]

    work page arXiv 2023

  38. [38]

    New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus-nucleus collisions

    N. Borghini, P. M. Dinh, and J.-Y. Ollitrault, A New method for measuring azimuthal distributions in nucleus- nucleus collisions, Phys. Rev. C63, 054906 (2001), arXiv:nucl-th/0007063

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2001

  39. [39]

    Bilandzic,Anisotropic flow measurements in ALICE at the large hadron collider, Ph.D

    A. Bilandzic,Anisotropic flow measurements in ALICE at the large hadron collider, Ph.D. thesis, Utrecht U. (2012)

    work page 2012

  40. [40]

    Flow analysis with cumulants: direct calculations

    A. Bilandzic, R. Snellings, and S. Voloshin, Flow analysis with cumulants: Direct calculations, Phys. Rev. C83, 044913 (2011), arXiv:1010.0233 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2011

  41. [41]

    J. Jia, M. Zhou, and A. Trzupek, Revealing long-range multiparticle collectivity in small collision systems via subevent cumulants, Phys. Rev. C96, 034906 (2017), arXiv:1701.03830 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2017

  42. [42]

    Multiplicity scaling in ideal and viscous hydrodynamics

    H. Song and U. W. Heinz, Multiplicity scaling in ideal and viscous hydrodynamics, Phys. Rev. C78, 024902 (2008), arXiv:0805.1756 [nucl-th]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2008

  43. [43]

    Transverse momentum spectra of hadrons in high energy pp and heavy ion collisions

    K. Saraswat, P. Shukla, and V. Singh, Transverse mo- mentum spectra of hadrons in high energy pp and heavy ion collisions, J. Phys. Comm.2, 035003 (2018), arXiv:1706.04860 [hep-ph]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2018

  44. [44]

    Thermal Equilibration and Expansion in Nucleus-Nucleus Collision at the AGS

    P. Braun-Munzinger, J. Stachel, J. P. Wessels, and N. Xu, Thermal equilibration and expansion in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the AGS, Phys. Lett. B344, 43 (1995), arXiv:nucl-th/9410026

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 1995

  45. [45]

    Effect of flow fluctuations and nonflow on elliptic flow methods

    J.-Y. Ollitrault, A. M. Poskanzer, and S. A. Voloshin, Ef- fect of flow fluctuations and nonflow on elliptic flow meth- ods, Phys. Rev. C80, 014904 (2009), arXiv:0904.2315 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2009

  46. [46]

    G. Aadet al.(ATLAS), Measurement of the azimuthal anisotropy of charged particles in √sNN = 5.36 TeV 16O+16O and 20Ne+20Ne collisions with the ATLAS de- tector, (2025), arXiv:2509.05171 [nucl-ex]

    work page internal anchor Pith review Pith/arXiv arXiv 2025