Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central Au+Au Collisions at $sqrt {s sub {sub {NN}}}_ = 130 GeV

et al; K. Adcox; PHENIX Collaboration

REVIEW

Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central Au+Au Collisions at $sqrt {s sub {sub {NN}}}_ = 130 GeV

PHENIX Collaboration, K. Adcox, et al

Nuclear Experiment · Submitted 5 Sep 2001 · 19 references

Pith's verdict: The founding PHENIX jet-quenching Letter: a real, honestly-uncertained measurement whose two independent-looking cross-checks share a common ~30% normalization weakness.

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arXiv IDnucl-ex/0109003 (version 2)

Pith IDPCHTVWHB, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

Citationet al, K. Adcox, PHENIX Collaboration. "Suppression of Hadrons with Large Transverse Momentum in Central Au+Au Collisions at $sqrt {s sub {sub {NN}}}_ = 130 GeV." arXiv:nucl-ex/0109003 (2001). https://pith.science/paper/PCHTVWHB

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Editor's note

read the letter

This is the paper that put R_AA on the map. PHENIX measured charged-hadron and π0 spectra in central (0-10%) and peripheral (60-80%) Au+Au at √s_NN = 130 GeV and found the central yields sitting below the binary-scaled N+N expectation above p_T ≈ 2 GeV/c — the opposite of what the Cronin effect and the pre-existing shadowing-plus-Cronin calculations predicted for this energy. That inversion is the news, and it is stated cleanly. The measurement itself is careful: the tracking, the PC3 matching to kill secondaries, the two independent π0 analyses (PbSc and PbGl) that agree, the background subtraction by z-swapping. The systematic errors are large but laid out in Table I without flinching, and the paper explicitly says other nuclear effects must be sorted out before any quantitative claim, and asks for p+A at RHIC. That is the right posture for a first look at a new regime, and it is why the result held up. Credit where due: the central-to-peripheral ratio was a genuinely good idea, since it cancels the p+p interpolation and most of the detector systematics on the charged-hadron side (down to ~8%). But I'd push back gently on the reader's framing that this makes the two routes independent. It doesn't, quite. Table I gives 29% on ⟨N_binary⟩ for the ratio, dominated by the peripheral 20 ± 6 (30%), so the cross-check swaps one ~30% normalization for another rather than removing it. The stress-test is right about that, and it also has a point about Fig. 3: the text says the ratio is below unity 'at all observed pT,' but at 1-2 GeV/c, where the ratio sits near 0.6-0.7, a 30% band leaves that at one to two sigma. The unambiguous suppression is above 3 GeV/c. The headline claim is p_T > 2 GeV/c, so it survives; the low-p_T sentence is a touch stronger than the band supports. Minor, and the abstract is only slightly less hedged than the body. The π/h = 0.63 ± 0.06 assumption for the π0 reference is disclosed and adds another normalization assumption, but it's a small one. None of this is hidden, and none of it breaks the central claim. This is for anyone working on hard probes, parton energy loss, or the RHIC program; it's a Letter, quick to read, and the reference list is the right entry point to the pre-2001 literature. Send it to referees — the result deserves the scrutiny and the paper is written to withstand it.

Referee report

Significance

This is the founding observation of suppressed high-pT hadron production at RHIC and the paper that established R_AA and the central-to-peripheral double ratio as the standard tools of the field; essentially all subsequent jet-quenching work builds on it. Two features deserve explicit credit. First, the N+N reference is built entirely from external p+p data at other energies and is not fitted to the Au+Au spectra under test, so the reported suppression is not forced by construction. Second, the central-to-peripheral ratio is a genuinely independent handle that cancels the p+p interpolation and most of the detector systematics (Table I reduces the charged-hadron uncertainty from 27% to 8%), and it reproduces the suppression. The result is falsifiable in a concrete way: it predicts that p+A collisions at RHIC should not show the same suppression, a test the authors themselves propose in the closing paragraph. The paper is also candid about its systematics, describing the peripheral agreement as holding 'albeit within a substantial systematic error' and declining to claim a quantitative QGP interpretation.

Major objections (3)

[Abstract, sentence 2; §'The data are compared...'; Fig. 2] The abstract states that the central spectra are 'significantly suppressed', but the manuscript never quantifies the significance of the deviation of R_AA from unity. Table I lists correlated systematic uncertainties of 27% (charged-hadron yield), 30% (combined π0 yield) and 29% (⟨N_binary⟩), and Fig. 2 shows only statistical error bars on the points with the systematic band drawn separately, so a reader cannot determine at which pT and at what confidence the suppression is established. Because 'significantly' is the load-bearing word of the central claim, the authors should quote R_AA numerically at a few representative pT values with the total (statistical ⊕ systematic) uncertainty, and state explicitly the pT range over which the deviation from R_AA = 1 exceeds, say, two standard deviations when the correlated normalization uncertainty is included. If the suppression is only significant above 3 GeV/c, the abstract and the final paragraph should say so rather than implying the full 1–5 GeV/c range.
[§'Event classification...'; Table I; Fig. 3] The central-to-peripheral ratio is presented as the cross-check that removes the p+p interpolation, but its denominator carries the peripheral ⟨N_binary⟩ = 20 ± 6, a 30% normalization uncertainty, and Table I confirms a 29% systematic on this ratio for all pT. The 60–80% class is precisely where the Glauber decomposition is least reliable, since it samples the diffuse edge of the overlap function and is sensitive to the 92 ± 4% trigger cross-section fraction. The text's statement that the ratio is 'below unity at all observed pT' is therefore a statement about central values, not about significance: at pT ≈ 1–2 GeV/c, where Fig. 3 shows values near 0.6–0.7, a 30% band leaves the deviation at roughly one to two sigma. The authors should propagate the peripheral ⟨N_binary⟩ uncertainty explicitly onto the Fig. 3 band (it appears to be included, but the figure caption should say so unambiguously) and qualify the 'all observed pT' sentence to distinguish the low-pT region, where nuclear shadowing and the Cronin effect are also expected, from the pT > 3 GeV/c region where the effect is unambiguous.
[§'The data are compared to the binary-scaled yield...'; Fig. 2 (π0 points)] The π0 N+N reference is obtained by multiplying the charged-hadron reference by the ISR ratio π/h = 0.63 ± 0.06, assumed independent of pT above 1.5 GeV/c and of √s. This is disclosed, but the assumption is in tension with the paper's own central result: the observation that R_AA is lower for pions than for charged hadrons is interpreted as evidence that π/h is smaller in central Au+Au than at the ISR, which means the π0 reference rests on precisely the quantity the data call into question. The authors should show the sensitivity of the π0 R_AA to varying π/h within its quoted error and, if possible, to a plausible pT dependence, so that the reader can see how much of the pion-versus-charged-hadron difference survives. This does not threaten the existence of the suppression, which is seen in the charged-hadron channel independently, but it does affect the secondary claim about the π/h ratio.

Minor objections (8)

[§'The data are compared to the binary-scaled yield...'] The three-parameter interpolation A/(1+pT/p0)^n across √s from ISR through SpS and Tevatron down to 130 GeV is described only by its result. Showing the data points used and quoting a fit quality, or at least stating the range of √s and the rapidity interval of each data set, would let the reader judge the 20–35% reference uncertainty rather than take it on trust.
[§'Neutral pions are measured...'] The text does not state the η range over which the p+p reference is defined, while the measurement is at |η| < 0.35. Since the interpolation assumes that the mid-rapidity plateau scales smoothly with √s, this should be stated explicitly.
[Table I] The column headers 'Sys. error: Yield pT [GeV/c] Cent/Per pT [GeV/c]' are difficult to parse as typeset; the table would be much clearer if the yield and ratio columns were separated under distinct headings with the pT values in their own columns.
[Fig. 1] The 'scaled N+N reference' band and the systematic-error brackets on the data are visually similar in the two panels, and the shared y-axis label spans both. A clearer distinction between the reference band and the data brackets, and an explicit statement in the caption of which band corresponds to which uncertainty, would help.
[Figs. 2 and 3] The central claim is a ratio, yet no numerical values of R_AA or of the central-to-peripheral ratio are given anywhere in the paper. Adding a small table of these values with their uncertainties at a few pT points would make the result quotable and checkable.
[§'Charged particles are reconstructed...'] The background-to-signal ratio is quoted as reaching 1/1 at 6 GeV/c, but the spectra stop at 5 GeV/c, where the ratio is roughly 1/2.5 and the systematic error is 30%. Stating the background level at the highest reported pT would be more informative than the value at 6 GeV/c.
[References [10] and [19]] The claim that the π/h ratio is smaller in central collisions is supported in part by Ref. [19], a Quark Matter 2001 contribution listed as 'to be published'. Since the paper's own Fig. 2 already shows π0 R_AA below charged-hadron R_AA, the argument does not depend on the proceedings, but the citation should be flagged as preliminary or updated if a journal version exists.
[Abstract, sentence 2] The abstract's 'significantly suppressed' is less hedged than the body's 'albeit within a substantial systematic error'. Aligning the two would better represent the paper's own assessment.

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The paper

The paper claims

In central gold collisions at RHIC, high-momentum hadrons come out suppressed rather than enhanced, contrary to what lower-energy data and shadowing-plus-Cronin models predicted.

The reading

The PHENIX experiment wants to know whether the debris of a violent gold-on-gold collision at 130 GeV per nucleon pair behaves like a simple pile-up of independent proton-proton collisions, or whether the dense matter made in the collision interferes with the particles that escape. The test is a ratio: take the number of hadrons produced per collision at a given transverse momentum, divide by the average number of nucleon-nucleon collisions in that event class, and compare with what the same quantity would be in plain proton-proton collisions. In the 60-80 percent (peripheral) event sample the answer is roughly one, as naive scaling predicts; in the 0-10 percent (central) sample the answer stays well below one up to the highest measured momentum. That gap is the point: something in the central collision removes high-momentum particles that should have been there. If the reading holds, the debris of the earliest, hardest scatterings is being absorbed or degraded by the medium it has to cross, which is what makes this a candidate signal of a new state of matter rather than a mundane nuclear effect.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing construct is the nuclear modification factor, $R_{AA}(p_T) = (1/N_{evt}) (d^2N^{A+A}/dp_T dη) / [ (⟨N_{binary}⟩/σ^{N+N}_{inel}) (d^2σ^{N+N}/dp_T dη) ]$, which is designed to equal one if a heavy-ion collision is nothing more than an incoherent sum of point-like nucleon-nucleon collisions. Its denominator is built from a Glauber-model estimate of $⟨N_{binary}⟩$ (905 for the central sample, 20 for the peripheral one, with a ratio of 45) and from a parameterized proton-proton cross section, $A/(1+p_T/p_0)^n$ with $A = 330$ mb/GeV$^2$/c$^2$, $p_0 = 1.72$ GeV/c and $n = 12.4$, interpolated from ISR, SpS and Tevatron data because no proton-proton run existed at 130 GeV. The companion central-to-peripheral double ratio divides each class by its own $⟨N_{binary}⟩$; it cancels much of the experimental systematics and the whole interpolation uncertainty, at the cost of inheriting the peripheral $⟨N_{binary}⟩$ error. Together the two ratios are the argument: one shows the deficit against a beam-dump-style baseline, the other shows it against the nucleus itself.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper reports that charged-hadron and neutral-pion yields per event in the 0-10 percent most central Au+Au collisions at $1 < p_T < 5$ GeV/c fall significantly below the yield expected from scaling measured proton-proton cross sections by the average number of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions, $R_{AA} < 1$ above about 2 GeV/c. The same comparison for the 60-80 percent peripheral sample is consistent with unity within the substantial systematic error. A second, largely independent comparison divides each centrality class by its own $N_{binary}$ and takes the central-to-peripheral ratio; that ratio is also below one across the measured range for both charged hadrons and pions, so the suppression survives removal of the interpolation uncertainty in the proton-proton reference. Above 2 GeV/c the pion ratio is lower than the charged-hadron ratio, implying a smaller pion-to-hadron ratio in central collisions than at the ISR. The authors note that this is the opposite of the enhancement (the Cronin effect) seen in fixed-target proton-nucleus data and in lower-energy heavy-ion data, and that phenomenological calculations combining shadowing with the Cronin effect had predicted $R_{AA} > 1$, peaking near 1.3 at 4 GeV/c, for exactly this system.

Load-bearing premise

The load-bearing premise is that the proton-proton reference at 130 GeV, which does not exist as a measurement and is instead a three-parameter fit interpolated between ISR, SpS and Tevatron data, is accurate enough that a deficit against it means a real medium effect.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

High-transverse-momentum hadron production in central Au+Au at 130 GeV is not a simple superposition of nucleon-nucleon collisions, so any model that assumes binary scaling for hard processes in this system is ruled out at the 2-5 GeV/c scale probed here.
The observed pattern matches the expectation from parton energy loss through gluon bremsstrahlung in a dense medium, making jet quenching a viable experimental handle on the early, dense stage of the collision.
Because the pion ratio sits below the charged-hadron ratio, the pion-to-hadron fraction in central collisions differs from that in proton-proton collisions, which ties the suppression to the changing particle composition seen in identified spectra near 2 GeV/c.
The result inverts the trend from fixed-target proton-nucleus and lower-energy heavy-ion measurements, so shadowing and the Cronin effect alone cannot account for what is seen at RHIC energies.
A proton-nucleus run at RHIC energies would separate cold-nuclear-matter effects from genuinely hot-medium effects, which the authors name as the next measurement needed.

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

If the suppression is really parton energy loss, it should grow with the path length through the medium, so a centrality scan between the two extremes used here should show $R_{AA}$ falling monotonically with $⟨N_{binary}⟩$ rather than saturating.
The two ratios disagree in their sensitivity to the baseline but agree on the sign of the effect; a future measurement in which the central-to-peripheral ratio stays below one while $R_{AA}$ rises above one would point to an error in the interpolated proton-proton reference rather than to new physics.
Because the reported systematic errors (16-30 percent on yields, 20-35 percent on the reference) are comparable to the size of the deficit, an independent determination of the 130 GeV proton-proton cross section would sharpen this result more than any improvement in the gold-beam statistics.
The suppression is quoted only out to 5 GeV/c; whether it persists, deepens, or recovers at higher momentum is a direct discriminant between energy-loss models that predict a rising $R_{AA}$ and those that predict a flat or falling one.

Original abstract

Transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and for neutral pions in the range 1 GeV/c $< p_T <$ 5 GeV/c have been measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=130$ GeV. At high $p_T$ the spectra from peripheral nuclear collisions are consistent with the naive expectation of scaling the spectra from p+p collisions by the average number of binary nucleon- nucleon collisions. The spectra from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to the binary- scaled p+p expectation, and also when compared to similarly binary-scaled peripheral collisions, indicating a novel nuclear effect in central nuclear collisions at RHIC energies.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 3,136 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.06 · states limitation 0.07 · human participants 0.02 · controlled comparison 0.92 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.32 · compares with prior results 0.96 · mentions code or data availability 0.02.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v2. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and for neutral pions in the range 1 GeV/c $< p_T <$ 5 GeV/c have been measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=130$ GeV. At high $p_T$ the spectra from peripheral nuclear collisions are consistent with the naive expectation of scaling the spectra from p+p collisions by the average number of binary nucleon- nucleon collisions. The spectra from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to the binary- scaled p+p expectation, and also when compared to similarly binary-scaled peripheral collisions, indicating a novel nuclear effect in central nuclear collisions at RHIC energies.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Transverse momentum spectra for charged hadrons and for neutral pions in the range 1 GeV/c $< p_T <$ 5 GeV/c have been measured by the PHENIX experiment at RHIC in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{NN}}}=130$ GeV.	method 0.58	0.96	0.03	asserted 1.00
s1	At high $p_T$ the spectra from peripheral nuclear collisions are consistent with the naive expectation of scaling the spectra from p+p collisions by the average number of binary nucleon- nucleon collisions.	result 0.95	0.72	0.04	hedged possibility 0.95
s2	The spectra from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to the binary- scaled p+p expectation, and also when compared to similarly binary-scaled peripheral collisions, indicating a novel nuclear effect in central nuclear collisions at RHIC energies.	result 0.60	0.93	0.93	asserted 0.55

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: empirical study 1.00 · evidence from observation or experiment 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v2

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 3.** FIG. 3. Ratio of yield per event in central

Showing 2 of the paper's 3 figures. See all figures in the PDF ↗ Figures reproduced from arXiv:nucl-ex/0109003 by the authors.

References

Works cited (19)

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R. Baier, D. Schiﬀ and B.G. Zakharov, Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 50, 37 (2000)

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PHENIX Collaboration, W. Zajc, et al. , Quark Matter 2001, Nucl. Phys. A (to be published)

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We use the Woods-Saxon parameters radius = 6.38+0.27−0.13 fm, diﬀusivity = 0 .53 ± 0.01 fm [B. Hahn, D.G. Ravenhall and R. Hofstadter, Phys. Rev. 101, 1131 (1956)], and σinelN+N = 40 ± 3 mb

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The error due to model uncertainties is 2% [5]. An addi- tional 3.5% error results from time dependencies in the centrality selection over the large data sample

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PHENIX Collaboration, J. Velkovska et al. , Quark Mat- ter 2001, Nucl. Phys. A (to be published). 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 1 10 10 2 0 2 4 0 2 4 pT (GeV/c) 1/Nevt 1/2p 1/pT dN2/dpTdh (GeV/c)-2 scaled N+N reference h++ h- 2 pT(GeV/c) Au+Au √sNN= 130 GeV h = 0 central central peripheral peripheral scaled N+N reference p0 PbSc p0 PbGl FIG. 1. The yields...

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hep-ph 2016-08 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Soft-drop momentum sharing and angular separation distributions of jets are computed for lead-lead collisions and shown to be significantly modified relative to proton-proton, in qualitative agreement with preliminary...
Measurement of transverse momentum relative to dijet systems in PbPb and pp collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2015-09 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

In central lead-lead collisions, the momentum missing from unbalanced dijets is recovered as an excess of low-momentum particles (0.5 to 2 GeV) at large angles from the jet axes, not as a shift in the angular pattern ...
Towards the understanding of jet shapes and cross sections in heavy ion collisions using soft-collinear effective theory
hep-ph 2015-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

A soft-collinear effective theory calculation with medium-induced splitting functions reproduces the measured modification of jet shapes and jet cross sections in lead-lead collisions at 2.76 TeV.
Measurement of jet quenching with semi-inclusive hadron-jet distributions in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2015-06 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Central Pb-Pb collisions suppress the rate of charged jets recoiling from a high-pT hadron by up to a factor of two, with no measurable change in intra-jet shape within R = 0.5 or in trigger-jet acoplanarity.
Measurement of charged jet production cross sections and nuclear modification in p-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_\rm{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV
nucl-ex 2015-03 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Charged jet production in proton-lead collisions at 5.02 TeV agrees with a scaled proton-proton reference within uncertainties, so no strong cold nuclear matter effect on jets is seen up to 120 GeV/c.
Measurement of charged jet suppression in Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=2.76$ TeV
nucl-ex 2013-11 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Charged jets with radius 0.2 and 0.3 in central Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV are suppressed by a factor of about 2 to 3 relative to peripheral collisions, matching single-hadron suppression and showing no measurable r...
Modification of jet shapes in PbPb collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2013-10 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

Jets in central lead-lead collisions at 2.76 TeV carry less momentum at intermediate radii (0.1 < r < 0.2) and more at the jet edge (r > 0.2) than jets in proton-proton collisions, showing that the quark-gluon plasma ...
D meson elliptic flow in non-central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76TeV
nucl-ex 2013-05 accept novelty 6.0 of 10

D mesons in 30-50% central Pb-Pb collisions at 2.76 TeV show positive elliptic flow, averaging 0.204 in 2 < pT < 6 GeV/c, comparable in magnitude to light-flavour hadrons.
Effects of Multiple Scattering in Cold Nuclear Matter on J/psi Suppression and <p_T^2> in Heavy Ion Collisions
nucl-th 2006-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

In an incoherent multiple-scattering model, no value of the momentum-kick parameter can simultaneously reproduce measured J/psi suppression and <p_T^2> in SPS or RHIC nucleus-nucleus collisions.
Medium-Induced Gluon Radiation off Massive Quarks Fills the Dead Cone
hep-ph 2003-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Medium-induced gluon radiation from a heavy quark fills the dead cone at small angles but is suppressed at large gluon energies relative to a massless quark, so heavy-quark energy loss survives but is reduced.
Heavy Quark Radiative Energy Loss in QCD Matter
nucl-th 2003-10 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The GLV opacity series for radiative energy loss generalizes to massive quarks by a single universal frequency shift, (m_g^2 + x^2 M^2)/(2xE), and heavy quark energy loss stays near the incoherent Bethe-Heitler-like limit.
Calculating Quenching Weights
hep-ph 2003-02 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Treating the finite in-medium path length exactly cuts off soft gluon emission, which flattens the predicted suppression of high-momentum hadrons and brings energy-loss models into agreement with RHIC pion data.
Systematic Bayesian investigation of the (2+1)-flavor QCD phase transition in a holographic model
hep-ph 2026-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A Bayesian-calibrated holographic (gauge-gravity) model, fit to zero-density lattice QCD thermodynamics, predicts the QCD critical end point at (T, mu) = (0.119, 0.615) GeV with statistical bands.
Photon bremsstrahlung from heavy quarks in a dense nuclear matter
hep-ph 2026-08 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

The single-scattering-induced photon spectrum from a hard quark is expressed in terms of the full exchanged-gluon momentum distribution, with explicit heavy-quark mass dependence, beyond the collinear expansion.
Measurement of isolated photon plus two-jet correlations in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at 5.02 TeV with ATLAS
nucl-ex 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

ATLAS reports significant suppression (I_AA < 1) of photon-tagged two-jet yields in Pb+Pb versus pp collisions at 5.02 TeV across three observables, compared to JEWEL, JETSCAPE, and LBT models.
Validating a Machine Learning Approach to Identify Quenched Jets in Heavy-Ion Collisions
hep-ph 2025-11 unverdicted novelty 5.0 of 10

An LSTM model trained on simulated jet substructure learns to predict true jet energy loss and distinguishes quenching signatures even after realistic detector effects are applied.
Modified Coherence and the Transverse Extent of Jets
hep-ph 2025-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Using wave-packets and a modified parton shower, the authors show that jets are transversely broad and derive a gluon-TMDPDF-based relation in which the jet transport coefficient qhat weakens with increasing parton vi...
Hard Photon Triggered Jets in $p$-$p$ and $A$-$A$ Collisions
hep-ph 2024-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

The multistage JETSCAPE model postdicts photon-triggered jet suppression and correlations at RHIC and LHC when bremsstrahlung photons are included, without any new parameter tuning.
Non-linear dynamics of jet quenching
hep-ph 2024-11 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Jet energy loss out of the cone is governed by a non-linear rate equation whose solution feeds a non-linear DGLAP evolution, enabling resummation of alpha_s ln(1/R), alpha_s ln(R/theta_c), and powers of alpha_s L.
Inclusive jet and hadron suppression in a multistage approach
hep-ph 2022-04 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A virtuality-dependent jet transport coefficient in a multistage simulation describes inclusive jet and hadron suppression at RHIC and LHC energies without an energy-dependent rescaling of the transport coefficient.
Predicting parton energy loss in small collision systems
hep-ph 2020-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A BDMPS-Z parton energy loss model, fixed by one lead-lead data point, predicts up to 15 percent suppression of high-momentum charged hadrons in oxygen-oxygen collisions at the LHC.
Gluon bremsstrahlung in finite media beyond multiple soft scattering approximation
hep-ph 2019-03 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A Molière-style split of the medium scattering potential yields one analytic gluon spectrum that reduces to BDMPS at low frequency and to the GLV single-hard-scattering tail at high frequency.
Towards the determination of heavy-quark transport coefficients in quark-gluon plasma
nucl-th 2018-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Tuning six heavy-quark transport models to a common static-medium benchmark reduces the spread in their extracted drag coefficients from a factor of five to a factor of two.
Transverse momentum spectra and nuclear modification factors of charged particles in pp, p-Pb and Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC
nucl-ex 2018-02 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Charged-particle suppression in central Pb-Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV (RAA about 0.13 at 6-7 GeV/c) matches the 2.76 TeV result, even though both pp and Pb-Pb spectra are substantially harder at the higher energy.
The Electron-Ion Collider: Assessing the Energy Dependence of Key Measurements
nucl-ex 2017-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Simulated projections for a future Electron-Ion Collider show that doubling the center-of-mass energy sharply widens the reach in x and Q2 for spin, imaging, nuclear-structure and saturation measurements.
Resolution Effects in the Hybrid Strong/Weak Coupling Model
hep-ph 2017-07 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Giving the quark-gluon plasma a finite spatial resolution length in the hybrid strong/weak coupling jet-quenching model produces only small changes to jet shapes, fragmentation functions, and missing-pT observables.
Jet Quenching from QCD Evolution
hep-ph 2015-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Medium-modified DGLAP evolution of fragmentation functions reproduces LHC hadron suppression data and contains traditional parton energy loss as its soft-gluon emission limit.
Predictions for Boson-Jet Observables and Fragmentation Function Ratios from a Hybrid Strong/Weak Coupling Model for Jet Quenching
hep-ph 2015-08 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

A one-parameter hybrid strong/weak coupling jet-quenching model describes current boson-jet data, predicts Run 2 observables, and a new ratio of fragmentation functions separates energy-loss mechanisms.
Measurement of jet suppression in central Pb-Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}$ = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2015-02 accept novelty 5.0 of 10

Jets of radius 0.2 with 40 to 120 GeV transverse momentum are suppressed by about a factor of 3.6 in the 10% most central lead-lead collisions at 2.76 TeV, with R_AA = 0.28 +/- 0.04 and no significant momentum dependence.
An Upgrade Proposal from the PHENIX Collaboration
nucl-ex 2015-01 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

PHENIX proposes sPHENIX, a 1.5 T solenoid-based jet and Upsilon detector at RHIC, with GEANT 4 projections showing it could measure jet quenching and Upsilon suppression from 20 to 80 GeV.
Measurement of jet fragmentation in PbPb and pp collisions at sqrt(s[NN]) = 2.76 TeV
nucl-ex 2014-06 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Jets produced in central lead-lead collisions fragment differently from jets in proton-proton collisions, with a roughly 50% excess of charged particles below 3 GeV inside the jet cone.
Hard collinear gluon radiation and multiple scattering in a medium
nucl-th 2009-12 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Extending the higher-twist jet-quenching scheme to multiple coherent scatterings per emitted gluon, the leading 1/Q^2 contribution reduces to the known single-scattering result after integrating out the final quark's ...
Systematic Comparison of Jet Energy-Loss Schemes in a realistic hydrodynamic medium
nucl-th 2008-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Running three jet-quenching formalisms in an identical hydrodynamic medium shows all can fit R_AA data with one tuned parameter, yet the extracted q-hat differs by up to a factor of four.
Heavy Quark Energy Loss in Nuclear Medium
nucl-th 2003-09 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

Heavy quark mass shortens the gluon formation time, so the medium-size dependence of radiative energy loss crosses over from linear to quadratic as energy and momentum scale grow relative to the quark mass.
Jet cone size dependence of single inclusive jet suppression due to jet quenching in Pb+Pb collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\rm NN}}=5.02$ TeV
hep-ph 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 4.0 of 10

Jet nuclear modification factor R_AA increases with cone radius R as in-cone energy loss from elastic recoils and radiated gluons decreases at larger radii.
Measurement of jet fragmentation in Pb+Pb and $pp$ collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 5.02$ TeV with the ATLAS detector
nucl-ex 2018-05 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

Jets in lead-lead collisions at 5.02 TeV carry an excess of both very soft and very hard fragments and a deficit at intermediate momentum fraction, relative to proton-proton jets at the same energy, with the size of t...
Comparison of Jet Quenching Formalisms for a Quark-Gluon Plasma "Brick"
hep-ph 2011-06 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

A controlled comparison of four perturbative-QCD jet-quenching formalisms on the same uniform-medium benchmark finds sizable differences in gluon radiation and energy loss, traceable mainly to large-angle and finite-l...
Collective effects in O-O and Ne-Ne collisions at $\sqrt{s_{\mathrm{NN}}}$=5.36 TeV from a hybrid approach
nucl-th 2025-09 unverdicted novelty 3.0 of 10

Predictions for collective flow in O-O collisions at 5.36 TeV are generated with SMASH-vHLLE hybrid, pure SMASH, and Angantyr models to probe the onset of QGP formation in small systems.
The ALICE experiment: a journey through QCD
nucl-ex 2022-11 conditional novelty 3.0 of 10

ALICE's Run 1-2 measurements establish that central Pb-Pb collisions at the LHC produce a quark-gluon plasma with energy density far above the lattice critical value, an effective photon temperature above the QCD tran...

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How the literature uses it

156 arXiv papers cite this in 170 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers whose main result relates to this one's

Found among the papers closest to this one by title and main claim. Pith's classifier compared each pair's main results and a second model family confirmed the relation; checked against two further families, shown conflicts agreed 118 times in 120 and shown same results 218 times in 239. The quoted sentence is the other paper's main claim.

States the same result 2 papers

The spectra at high $p_t$ from central collisions are significantly suppressed when compared to a simple superposition of binary nucleon-nucleon collisions.

First Results from PHENIX at RHIC · 0.92
The observed suppression of moderately high $p_T$ hadrons ($p_T$ = 2 - 5 GeV/c) in $\sqrt{s_{NN}}$ = 130 GeV $Au+Au$ central collisions with respect to the scaled $pp$ data, is discussed in terms of conventional nuclear and ``quark-gluon-plasma'' effects.

Hard probes at heavy-ion collider energies: Results from PHENIX · 0.84

Papers citing it · 118 sentences without a confident label

Uses its data or values 2 papers

A measured $R_AA ∼0.2$ for leading hadrons [ref] in central AuAu collisions at RHIC—when compared to the photon $R_AA ≃1$ in the same collision [ref] —is strong evidence of medium modifications to the hadron spectra.

Collisional and radiative energy loss in small systems · Introduction · 0.86
One of the most important findings of the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) was a roughly factor of five suppression of leading light hadrons with $p_T≳5$ GeV/c in central $Au+Au$ collisions [ref] .

Inconsistencies in, and short pathlength correction to, $R_{AA}(p_T)$ in $\mathrm{A}+\mathrm{A}$ and $\mathrm{p} + \mathrm{A}$ collisions · Introduction · 0.82

Compares with it 1 paper

Previous analyses of the charged hadron spectra by [ref] and the other RHIC experiments [ref] have demonstrated that this enhancement stands in stark contrast to the observed suppression of high $$ hadrons in the (central) collision system at $= 200$ [ref] .

Nucleon-Gold Collisions at 200 AGeV Using Tagged d+Au Interactions in PHOBOS · Introduction · 0.86

Cites it as background 49 papers

The three most important results that came out from the heavy ion programme at RHIC are (i) dramatic suppression of inclusive hadrons production at large transverse momentum (high $p_T$ suppression) [ref] , (ii) disappearance of away side two hadron correlation peak [ref] and (iii) large elliptic flow [ref] .

Jet quenching and elliptic flow · Introduction · 0.81
The discovery of high $p_T$ hadron suppression at central rapidity in $√(s_NN) = 130$ GeV Au+Au collisions at RHIC has been one of the most exciting results in heavy ion physics [ref] .

Rapidity and centrality dependence of particle production for identified hadrons in Cu+Cu collisions at $\sqrt{s_{NN}} = 200$ GeV · Nuclear Modification Factors · 0.98
A variety of partonic energy loss models [ref] based on perturbative Quantum Chromodynamics (pQCD) can, at least qualitatively, describe the $R_AB$ in heavy-ion collisions [ref] .

A unified description of small, peripheral, and large system suppression data from pQCD · Introduction · 0.93

Discussion

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