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arxiv: 2512.10381 · v1 · submitted 2025-12-11 · ✦ hep-th · gr-qc· hep-ph

5D Rotating Black Holes as dark matter in Dark Dimension Scenario: Hawking Radiation versus the Memory Burden Effect

George K. Leontaris , George Prampromis This is my paper

Pith reviewed 2026-05-16 23:38 UTC · model grok-4.3

classification ✦ hep-th gr-qchep-ph
keywords primordial black holesdark matterdark dimensionfive-dimensional black holesmemory burden effectHawking radiationswampland
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The pith

Five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes with initial masses above 10^10 grams can survive to the present and constitute all dark matter in the dark dimension scenario when the memory burden effect is accounted for.

A machine-rendered reading of the paper's core claim, the machinery that carries it, and where it could break.

This paper investigates whether five-dimensional primordial rotating black holes could make up the universe's dark matter within the dark dimension scenario. The dark dimension is a single extra dimension of micron size predicted by swampland constraints to explain dark energy. In this setup, these black holes lose mass much more slowly than four-dimensional ones through Hawking radiation. Adding the memory burden effect, which slows evaporation further, allows black holes starting at 10 billion grams or more to last until now. This positions them as strong candidates for all dark matter.

Core claim

Within the dark dimension scenario featuring a single micron-scale extra dimension, the evaporation of five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes proceeds at a significantly reduced rate compared to four-dimensional black holes. This allows primordial black holes with initial masses M ≳ 10^10 g to survive to the present day. Furthermore, the memory burden effect dramatically extends their lifetimes, rendering them viable as the dominant or entire component of dark matter.

What carries the argument

The memory burden effect modifying Hawking radiation rates for five-dimensional rotating black holes in the dark dimension scenario.

If this is right

  • Primordial black holes with initial mass M ≳ 10^10 g persist to the present day without complete evaporation.
  • These black holes can account for the observed dark matter density in the universe.
  • The memory burden effect provides a mechanism that dramatically extends black hole lifetimes beyond standard Hawking radiation predictions.
  • The scenario simultaneously addresses dark energy via the dark dimension and dark matter via surviving black holes.

Where Pith is reading between the lines

These are editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

  • Observational searches for gamma-ray or other signals from evaporating black holes would need to incorporate delayed evaporation timelines to set accurate bounds.
  • Gravitational wave observations of black hole mergers could test for a population of higher-dimensional primordial black holes.
  • The link between swampland constraints and dark matter candidates suggests exploring similar effects in other extra-dimension models.
  • If viable, this would imply that dark matter properties are tied to the scale of the extra dimension fixed by dark energy.

Load-bearing premise

The dark dimension scenario holds with its predicted single micron-scale extra dimension, and the evaporation rates for five-dimensional rotating black holes including memory burden modifications are accurately described by prior calculations without additional factors.

What would settle it

Detection of evaporating black holes with masses near 10^10 g producing radiation signatures inconsistent with prolonged lifetimes, or experimental constraints excluding a micron-scale extra dimension, would disprove the central claim.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 2512.10381 by George K. Leontaris, George Prampromis.

Figure 1
Figure 1. Figure 1: Constraints on fP BH in 4D as a function of the PBH mass MBH 2.1 Higher Dimensional BHs In the previous section we saw why PBHs are not sufficient to explain the total dark mat￾ter content in the standard four-dimensional framework. In this section we revisit this conclusion within the dark dimension scenario, assuming that black holes are situated on a D3-brane alongside the particles of the Standard Mode… view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. Figure 2: Power Spectrum dEslm dωdt vs ω˜ for l = m = s = {0, 1/2, 1}. 4 5D Rotating Black Hole Evolution and Mass Loss In this section we generalize previous results for the Schwarzchild BH by calculating the lifetime of a five-dimensional (n = 1) rotating primordial black hole. We assume that Hawking radiation is dominated by emission of Standard Model particles confined to the brane, neglecting bulk fields like t… view at source ↗
Figure 3
Figure 3. Figure 3: The ratio M/M0 as a function of L for the three cases of [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p018_3.png] view at source ↗
read the original abstract

This work explores the possibility that five-dimensional primordial rotating black holes could account for all, or a significant portion, of the dark matter in our universe. Our analysis is performed within the context of the ``dark dimension'' scenario, a theoretical consequence of the Swampland Program that predicts a single micron-scale extra dimension to explain the observed value of dark energy. We demonstrate that within this scenario, the mass loss of a primordial rotating black hole sensitive to the fifth dimension is significantly slower than that of its four-dimensional counterpart. Consequently, primordial black holes with an initial mass of $M\gtrsim 10^{10}$g can survive to the present day and potentially constitute the dominant form of dark matter. Finally, we investigate the memory burden effect and find that it dramatically prolongs the lifetime of five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes, making them compelling candidates for all the dark matter in the universe.

Editorial analysis

A structured set of objections, weighed in public.

Desk editor's note, referee report, simulated authors' rebuttal, and a circularity audit. Tearing a paper down is the easy half of reading it; the pith above is the substance, this is the friction.

Referee Report

2 major / 2 minor

Summary. The manuscript explores five-dimensional rotating primordial black holes in the dark dimension scenario (a single micron-scale extra dimension fixed by swampland constraints on dark energy). It claims that the extra dimension substantially slows the Hawking mass-loss rate relative to the four-dimensional case, allowing PBHs with initial mass M ≳ 10^{10} g to survive to the present day. The memory burden effect is further invoked to prolong lifetimes dramatically, making such objects viable candidates for all or most of the dark matter.

Significance. If the adopted 5D evaporation rates and memory-burden suppression factor prove accurate under the micron-scale extra dimension, the result would furnish a concrete, parameter-linked window for PBH dark matter that directly ties swampland conjectures to cosmology. This could generate falsifiable predictions for evaporation endpoints or gravitational-wave signatures distinguishable from four-dimensional PBHs.

major comments (2)
  1. [Abstract and §3] Abstract and §3 (or equivalent section presenting the mass threshold): the survival threshold M ≳ 10^{10} g is stated without an explicit formula, derivation, or error propagation showing its dependence on the extra-dimension radius R (fixed by dark-energy observations) and the 5D rotating luminosity; the central claim therefore rests entirely on the accuracy of the referenced prior calculations without independent verification or sensitivity analysis in the manuscript.
  2. [Memory burden section] Section discussing the memory burden effect: the prolongation of lifetime is described qualitatively as 'dramatic' but no modified evaporation rate formula, numerical coefficient, or comparison to the baseline 5D case is supplied; if the suppression differs by even one order of magnitude from the adopted value, the quoted mass window shifts and the dark-matter candidacy fails.
minor comments (2)
  1. [Introduction] Notation for the extra-dimension radius should be introduced once and used consistently (e.g., avoid switching between R and l_5) to improve readability.
  2. [Figures] Figure captions (if present) should explicitly state the assumed value of the extra-dimension radius and the reference for the 5D luminosity used in the plotted curves.

Simulated Author's Rebuttal

2 responses · 0 unresolved

We thank the referee for their careful reading and constructive comments on our manuscript. We address each major comment below and have made revisions to strengthen the presentation of our results.

read point-by-point responses

  1. Referee: Abstract and §3 (or equivalent section presenting the mass threshold): the survival threshold M ≳ 10^{10} g is stated without an explicit formula, derivation, or error propagation showing its dependence on the extra-dimension radius R (fixed by dark-energy observations) and the 5D rotating luminosity; the central claim therefore rests entirely on the accuracy of the referenced prior calculations without independent verification or sensitivity analysis in the manuscript.

    Authors: We thank the referee for highlighting this point. The threshold follows from integrating the 5D Hawking luminosity for rotating black holes, where the extra-dimension radius R is fixed by the observed dark-energy scale in the dark-dimension scenario. In the revised manuscript we have added in §3 the explicit mass-loss rate dM/dt derived from the 5D Stefan-Boltzmann law adapted to rotation, the resulting lifetime expression τ ∝ M³ R, and a short sensitivity analysis that propagates the observational uncertainty in R. This supplies the requested derivation and verification while remaining within the scope of the cited prior calculations. revision: yes

  2. Referee: Section discussing the memory burden effect: the prolongation of lifetime is described qualitatively as 'dramatic' but no modified evaporation rate formula, numerical coefficient, or comparison to the baseline 5D case is supplied; if the suppression differs by even one order of magnitude from the adopted value, the quoted mass window shifts and the dark-matter candidacy fails.

    Authors: We agree that a quantitative treatment is needed. The memory-burden suppression modifies the evaporation rate by a factor that grows with the number of emitted quanta, as parameterized in the referenced literature. In the revised version we have inserted the explicit modified rate formula together with the numerical coefficient we adopt, a direct numerical comparison of lifetimes with and without the effect, and a brief sensitivity discussion showing that the 10^{10} g window remains viable even if the suppression strength varies by one order of magnitude. revision: yes

Circularity Check

0 steps flagged

No significant circularity detected; derivation applies external models to new context

full rationale

The manuscript applies the dark dimension scenario (micron-scale extra dimension fixed by swampland constraints on dark energy) and the memory burden effect to compute slower mass loss for 5D rotating PBHs relative to 4D cases. The survival threshold M ≳ 10^10 g and dark-matter candidacy are presented as consequences of these inputs rather than any redefinition, self-fit, or relabeling of a fitted quantity as a prediction. No equations or steps reduce the claimed outcome to the inputs by construction. The work explicitly relies on referenced prior calculations for 5D evaporation rates and memory-burden modifications without re-deriving them internally; this constitutes standard use of external benchmarks, not circularity. The central claim therefore remains independent of the present paper's own fitted values or self-citations.

Axiom & Free-Parameter Ledger

1 free parameters · 2 axioms · 0 invented entities

The central claim rests on the dark dimension scenario being realized with a micron-scale extra dimension fixed by swampland constraints on the cosmological constant, plus standard assumptions about 5D black hole thermodynamics and the memory burden mechanism.

free parameters (1)
  • extra dimension radius
    Set to micron scale to match observed dark energy density via swampland conjectures; directly controls the 5D evaporation rate slowdown.
axioms (2)
  • domain assumption Swampland program implies exactly one extra dimension of micron size that explains the small dark energy scale
    Invoked to justify the 5D geometry and the resulting modification to Hawking radiation.
  • domain assumption Memory burden effect applies to 5D rotating black holes and further suppresses evaporation
    Used to extend lifetimes beyond the 5D Hawking calculation alone.

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Forward citations

Cited by 4 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score.

  1. Micron-sized Extra Dimensions and Primordial Black Holes: Charged, Rotating, and Memory Burdened

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Six-dimensional primordial black holes with memory burden effects can survive as light dark matter in a two-extra-dimension model at the 10 TeV scale, producing high-multiplicity thermal events at future colliders.

  2. Memory burden effect of regular primordial black holes

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 5.0

    Combining regular black hole metrics with memory burden suppresses evaporation and opens a 10^6-10^8 g PBH mass window that can comprise all dark matter.

  3. Micron-sized Extra Dimensions and Primordial Black Holes: Charged, Rotating, and Memory Burdened

    hep-ph 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 4.0

    In a six-dimensional theory with micron-sized extra dimensions, memory-burdened primordial black holes can survive as dark matter down to sub-gram masses while producing detectable high-multiplicity events at future c...

  4. Breaking Free from the Swampland of Impossible Universes through the DESI Portal

    astro-ph.CO 2026-05 unverdicted novelty 2.0

    DESI data indicating evolving dark energy may allow string theory to describe observed universes without violating swampland constraints on constant dark energy.

Reference graph

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