REVIEW
Status of the two-Higgs-doublet model of type II
High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Submitted 7 May 2013 · 96 references
Pith's verdict: A careful, well-documented 2HDM type-II global fit whose qualitative conclusions are solid even if the σ labels are softer than they look.
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Referee report
The paper
The paper claims
A global fit puts the type-II two-Higgs-doublet model on a short leash: the 126 GeV boson wants to be Standard-Model-like, and the heavy scalars cannot all be light.
The reading
What carries the argument
The load-bearing object is a single joint likelihood over the model parameters $(tan beta, m_{12}, lambda_1, dots, lambda_5)$, built so that every constraint enters as a genuine multi-parameter fit rather than as a sequential cut. Two pieces do most of the work. First, the coupling table relating each 2HDM coupling to its Standard Model counterpart through $beta$ and $alpha$: $h$ couples to $W, Z$ as $sin(beta - alpha)$, to up-type quarks as $cos alpha / sin beta$ and to down-type quarks and leptons as $-sin alpha / cos beta$, so the single number $beta - alpha$ controls how far the 126 GeV state can drift from the Standard Model. Second, the loop-level effective couplings: $R_{gg}$ and $R_{gamma gamma}$, the squared 2HDM-to-Standard-Model ratios of the $hgg$ and $h gamma gamma$ vertices, computed at one loop with FeynArts, FormCalc and LoopTools, then weighted by the per-event-category production fractions that the experimental collaborations publish. Because the theoretical requirements are imposed as hard parameter cuts, the authors flag that the conversion of the fit into $1sigma$, $2sigma$ and $3sigma$ contours via Wilks' theorem rests on assumptions those cuts violate, and they defer that question to later work. To test how much the answer depends on the arbitrary perturbativity threshold, every result is shown twice, for $lambda_{max} = 2pi$ and $lambda_{max} = 4pi$.
Extended reading notes
Core claim
The central claim is that the type-II two-Higgs-doublet model with a softly broken $Z_2$ symmetry is being squeezed into its alignment limit by the combination of Higgs data and flavour data, not by either alone. Signal strengths alone still tolerate a second allowed region where the light scalar's couplings are visibly non-Standard-Model; the authors show that adding $Br( bar B to X_s gamma)$, $Delta m_{B_s}$ and the hadronic $Z to b bar b$ branching ratio removes that region at one standard deviation and eliminates it entirely at two standard deviations once $tan beta < 5$. The mechanism is specific: for small $tan beta$ the charged-Higgs contributions to those observables scale with positive powers of $cot beta$, forcing $m_{H^pm}$ to large values, and in that heavy-charged-Higgs limit the perturbativity requirement on the quartic couplings drags $alpha$ back towards $beta - pi/2$. The paper's own quantitative corollaries follow from the same fit: $m_{H^pm} > 322$ GeV at two standard deviations from the $tan beta$-independent terms in $bar B to X_s gamma$; the region with $m_H$ and $m_A$ both under about 300 GeV excluded at two standard deviations by the joint action of flavour and electroweak precision observables; and, under the tighter perturbativity choice $lambda_{max} = 2pi$, the on-shell decay $H to H^+ H^-$ excluded at two standard deviations. The authors also record where they depart from the recent literature, stating that they do not confirm the upper bounds on heavy Higgs masses or on $tan beta$ reported in a scan-based analysis, because such scans miss the decoupling configurations in which the heavy masses satisfy the relations perturbativity enforces.
Load-bearing premise
The sigma-level exclusions all rest on converting the fit into p-values through Wilks' theorem while vacuum stability, the global-minimum condition and perturbativity are imposed as hard parameter cuts, and the authors themselves state in Section 4 that it is not clear how reliable those p-values are under that treatment.
Editorial extensions
If this is right
- If the 126 GeV resonance is the light CP-even 2HDM scalar, its couplings to $W$, $Z$, up-type and down-type fermions are pinned near their Standard Model values, with $beta - alpha$ confined close to $pi/2$ for $tan beta < 5$.
- Charged Higgs bosons lighter than 322 GeV are excluded at two standard deviations, a bound driven mainly by $Br( bar B to X_s gamma)$ and largely independent of $tan beta$.
- The window in which both heavy neutral scalars $H$ and $A$ sit below about 300 GeV is closed at two standard deviations, so a search strategy built on two simultaneously light neutral states is not motivated by this fit.
- Under the tight perturbativity choice $lambda_{max} = 2pi$, the on-shell decay $H to H^+ H^-$ is excluded at two standard deviations, which removes one channel from the heavy-Higgs search menu.
- For large heavy-Higgs masses the differences between $m_H$, $m_A$ and $m_{H^pm}$ are constrained to be of order the electroweak scale $v$, so the decoupling limit is reached along a narrow ridge rather than a broad plateau.
Reading between the lines
- Because the exclusion of the non-aligned region hinges on flavour observables, any upward shift in the measured $Br( bar B to X_s gamma)$ central value or a reduction of its theory error would tighten the coupling bound on the light scalar without any new LHC data.
- The paper's disagreement with scan-based 2HDM fits is a methodological point that generalises: parameter scans that sample masses uniformly can miss regions selected by perturbativity-induced mass relations, which suggests mass-plane exclusion plots in extended Higgs sectors should be read with the sampling prior in mind.
- A useful cross-check would be to re-express the $R_{gg}$–$R_{gamma gamma}$ allowed island as a prediction for the $h to gamma gamma$ and $t bar t h$ signal strengths at a future lepton collider, where the two effective couplings can be separated more cleanly than at the LHC.
- Since the sigma-level contours depend on treating theoretical constraints as hard cuts, a Monte Carlo or profile-likelihood treatment that promotes vacuum stability and perturbativity to soft priors would be a concrete way to test whether the two-sigma exclusions quoted here are stable.
Original abstract
We determine the allowed parameter space of the CP-conserving two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM) of type II with a softly broken Z_2 symmetry. Our analysis includes theoretical constraints from vacuum stability and perturbativity as well as experimental constraints from signal strengths of the 126 GeV Higgs boson, the non-observation of additional Higgs resonances and electroweak precision and flavour observables. If the 126 GeV resonance is interpreted as the light CP-even Higgs boson of the 2HDM our analysis shows that scenarios where the couplings of this boson deviate substantially from those of the SM Higgs boson are disfavoured at one standard deviation and completely excluded for small values of tan(beta). We also discuss bounds on the masses of the heavy 2HDM Higgs bosons and their implications for the possible decay modes of these particles. We find that the region in which both non-standard neutral Higgs bosons are simultaneously lighter than 300 GeV is excluded at two standard deviations.
The compiled record
The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.
The abstract, sentence by sentence
We determine the allowed parameter space of the CP-conserving two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM) of type II with a softly broken Z_2 symmetry. Our analysis includes theoretical constraints from vacuum stability and perturbativity as well as experimental constraints from signal strengths of the 126 GeV Higgs boson, the non-observation of additional Higgs resonances and electroweak precision and flavour observables. If the 126 GeV resonance is interpreted as the light CP-even Higgs boson of the 2HDM our analysis shows that scenarios where the couplings of this boson deviate substantially from those of the SM Higgs boson are disfavoured at one standard deviation and completely excluded for small values of tan(beta). We also discuss bounds on the masses of the heavy 2HDM Higgs bosons and their implications for the possible decay modes of these particles. We find that the region in which both non-standard neutral Higgs bosons are simultaneously lighter than 300 GeV is excluded at two standard deviations.
background contribution method result interpretation main claim
| # | sentence | role | the authors' own work | states the main conclusion | strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| s0 | We determine the allowed parameter space of the CP-conserving two-Higgs-doublet model (2HDM) of type II with a softly broken Z_2 symmetry. | contribution 1.00 | 0.95 | 0.07 | asserted 0.95 |
| s1 | Our analysis includes theoretical constraints from vacuum stability and perturbativity as well as experimental constraints from signal strengths of the 126 GeV Higgs boson, the non-observation of additional Higgs resonances and electroweak precision and flavour observables. | method 0.93 | 0.88 | 0.04 | asserted 0.98 |
| s2 | If the 126 GeV resonance is interpreted as the light CP-even Higgs boson of the 2HDM our analysis shows that scenarios where the couplings of this boson deviate substantially from those of the SM Higgs boson are disfavoured at one standard deviation and completely excluded for small values of tan(beta). | result 0.97 | 0.94 | 0.45 | asserted 0.99 |
| s3 | We also discuss bounds on the masses of the heavy 2HDM Higgs bosons and their implications for the possible decay modes of these particles. | contribution 0.92 | 0.67 | 0.05 | unclear 0.53 |
| s4 | We find that the region in which both non-standard neutral Higgs bosons are simultaneously lighter than 300 GeV is excluded at two standard deviations. | result 1.00 | 0.96 | 0.21 | asserted 1.00 |
What was examined, and what was not
- arXiv listing abstract v2
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- P abstract
- S sections
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Figures
Figures reproduced from arXiv:1305.1649 by the authors.
References
How later papers used it
76 later papers cite it
1 later paper by other authors is listed below: 1 used its data or values.
Uses its data or values 1 of 3 papers with this label
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Used this paper's global fit results for the Type-II 2HDM, including limits from electroweak precision data and flavour constraints from Δm_B_s and B→X_sγ relevant for the low tanβ region.
Maximally Symmetric Two Higgs Doublet Model with Natural Standard Model Alignment (2014) · 0.89 · paraphrased: the licence does not allow quoting
How the literature uses it
75 arXiv papers cite this in 106 sentences
Papers citing it · 56 sentences without a confident label
Uses its data or values 3 papers
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The 2HDM predictions for $M_W$ and $sin^2θ^lept_eff$ depend on the $Z$ boson mass $M_Z=91.1876 (21)$ GeV [ref] , the top quark mass, $m_t = 173.2 (0.9)$ GeV [ref] , the strong coupling constant $α_s(M_Z)=0.1185 (6)$ [ref] , the variation of the fine-structure constant due to light quarks, $Δα^(5)_had(M^2_Z) = 0.02763 (14)$ [ref] , the masses of the neutral Higgs bosons $M_h=126$ GeV, $M_H$ and $M_A$, the charged Higgs mass $M_H^±$, and the combination $(β-α)$ of the mixing angles in the scalar sector, which we will set to $π/2$ to be consistent with the LHC results on Higgs boson searches [ref] .
Limiting two-Higgs-doublet models · Electroweak constraints · 1.00
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The experimental constraints included in our analysis are * the signal strengths of the light $CP$ even Higgs boson $h$, as measured by the ATLAS [ref] and CMS [ref] collaborations, * the CMS exclusion limits for a heavy Higgs decaying into $WW$, $ZZ$ [ref] or $ττ$ [ref] final states, * the full set of electroweak precision observables [ref] (see [ref] for details) and * the flavour constraints relevant for the low $tanβ$ region, i.e. the constraints from the mass splitting $Δm_B_s$ of the neutral $B_s$ system and the branching fraction $(B→X_sγ)$.
Benchmarks for Higgs Pair Production and Heavy Higgs Searches in the Two-Higgs-Doublet Model of Type II · Theoretical and Experimental Constraints · 1.00
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For the SM-like Higgs boson mass, we will use the $3σ$ allowed range from the recent CMS and ATLAS Higgs mass measurements [ref] : [equation] For the Higgs couplings to the SM vector bosons and fermions, we use the constraints in the $(tanβ, β-α)$ plane derived from a recent global fit for the Type-II 2HDM [ref] .[Note that in our convention, the couplings of the SM-like Higgs boson to vector bosons is proportional to $cos(β-α)$ [cf. ([ref])].
Maximally Symmetric Two Higgs Doublet Model with Natural Standard Model Alignment · Misalignment Predictions · 1.00
Compares with it 4 papers
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This section is dedicated to the comparison of the ATHDM, with CP-conseving Yukawas and potential, with the usual THDMs with $𝒵_2$ symmetries [ref] .
Constraining the two-Higgs doublet models with the LHC data · ATHDM versus $𝒵_2$ models · 0.89
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Points cluster along the ST line $α=β$, confirming the results in [ref] , see also [ref] .
Bounds to the Higgs Sector Masses in Minimal Supersymmetry from LHC Data · Introduction · 0.82
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The bounds presenter here for the THDM and Leptoquark models are complementary to those presented in [ref] .
Two Higgs doublet model and leptoquarks constraints from D meson decays · Conclusions · 0.99
Cites it as support 3 papers
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In fact, the measured signal strengths and production cross section of such a particle are in very good agreement with the corresponding SM predictions [ref] .
Limiting two-Higgs-doublet models · Introduction · 0.96
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The recent global fits of the LHC data in the 2HDM context [ref] certifies that alignment is indeed a reasonable assumption.
Search for a 'stable alignment limit' in two Higgs-doublet models · The scalar potential · 1.00
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In view of the recent global fits for 2HDMs using the LHC Higgs data, alignment is a reasonable assumption [ref] .
New limits on $\mathbf{\tan\beta}$ for 2HDMs with $\mathbf{Z_2}$ symmetry · The scalar potential · 0.99
Cites it as background 36 papers
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The parameter space of the THDM has been extensively scrutinized in the literature, considering LHC data, LEP data, flavour bounds and theoretical constraints [ref] .
Updated global fit of the aligned two-Higgs-doublet model with heavy scalars · Introduction · 0.87
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A large number of papers [ref] performed fits of current data for the 125.5 GeV Higgs-like state (as per the status post Moriond 2013) within the context of 2HDMs, and investigated the consequent phenomenology of the other Higgs states present in the models.
Constraints on and future prospects for Two-Higgs-Doublet Models in light of the LHC Higgs signal · Introduction · 0.87
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A simple extension of the scalar sector of the SM is to add another doublet: this gives rise to the well known 2HDM, which has been thoroughly studied with respect to the LHC (with a lighter scalar in [ref] , and a heavier one in [ref] ).
Searching for a lighter Higgs: parametrisation and sample tests · Two Higgs Doublet Model · 0.97
What it cites · 28 sentences without a confident label
Contests 3 papers
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The scan-based analysis of [ref] simply misses the scenarios where these relations are fulfilled.
Constraining Type II 2HDM in Light of LHC Higgs Searches · Conclusions · contest 0.88
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Contrary to statements in e.g. [ref] we find that scenarios where $β-α$ deviates significantly from $π/2$ are disfavoured at one standard deviation and excluded at two standard deviations for $tanβ<5$.
Carving Out Parameter Space in Type-II Two Higgs Doublets Model · Conclusions · contest 0.83
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Contrary to statements in e.g. [ref] we find that scenarios where $β-α$ deviates significantly from $π/2$ are disfavoured at one standard deviation and excluded at two standard deviations for $tanβ<5$.
2HDM at the LHC - the story so far · Conclusions · contest 0.83
Uses the method or tool of 5 papers
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To evaluate it we use private code provided by the authors of [ref] .
$\bar{B}\to X_s \gamma$ in the Two Higgs Doublet Model up to Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order in QCD · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 1.00
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For the theoretical computation of this quantity we use the expressions given in [ref] : [equation] where $G_F$ is the Fermi constant and the dependence on the 2HDM parameters is in the quantities $S_WW$, $S_WH$ and $S_HH$ (see [ref] for their definition).
The Two Higgs Doublet of Type II facing flavour physics data · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 0.90
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The results have then been combined with the SM contributions (including all available higher-order corrections) using the prescription of Ref. [ref] .
Electroweak Precision Observables within a Fourth Generation Model with General Flavour Structure · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 0.97
Uses data or values from 3 papers
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Our experimental input for $(B̅→X_sγ)_E>E_0$ is [ref] [equation] * the mass splitting $Δm_B_s$ in the neutral $B_s$ meson system.
$\bar{B}\to X_s \gamma$ in the Two Higgs Doublet Model up to Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order in QCD · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 0.86
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We use the same inputs as in Table II of [ref] , and our SM parameters ($M_Z$, $m_t$, $α_s$ and $Δα^(5)_had(M_Z)$) are fixed to the best-fit values from that analysis.
Impact of a Higgs boson at a mass of 126 GeV on the standard model with three and four fermion generations · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 0.99
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Our experimental input for $Δm_B_s$ is [ref] [equation]
Precision measurement of the $B^{0}_{s}$-$\bar{B}^{0}_{s}$ oscillation frequency with the decay $B^{0}_{s}\rightarrowD^{-}_{s}\pi^{+}$ · Theoretical Constraints and Experimental Inputs · 1.00
Compares with 16 papers
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If we remove the flavour observables and $R_b$ from our fit we confirm the results of previous analyses (e.g. [ref] ) where the lower strip in Fig. [ref](a) is still allowed at one standard deviation.
Carving Out Parameter Space in Type-II Two Higgs Doublets Model · Results · 0.95
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If we remove the flavour observables and $R_b$ from our fit we confirm the results of previous analyses (e.g. [ref] ) where the lower strip in Fig. [ref](a) is still allowed at one standard deviation.
2HDM at the LHC - the story so far · Results · 0.95
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The pattern of Fig. [ref](b) is the same as the one found in [ref] , but of course the newer data and the NNLO result used by us lead to a tighter lower bound on $m_H^±$.
The Two Higgs Doublet of Type II facing flavour physics data · Results · 0.99
Cites as background 18 papers
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After the Higgs discovery the compatibility of the type-II 2HDM with the observed Higgs signal strengths and other experimental data has been studied in several papers [ref] .
Implications of the LHC two-photon signal for two-Higgs-doublet models · Introduction · 0.91
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After the Higgs discovery the compatibility of the type-II 2HDM with the observed Higgs signal strengths and other experimental data has been studied in several papers [ref] .
2 Higgs or not 2 Higgs · Introduction · 0.91
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After the Higgs discovery the compatibility of the type-II 2HDM with the observed Higgs signal strengths and other experimental data has been studied in several papers [ref] .
Probing the charged Higgs boson at the LHC in the CP-violating type-II 2HDM · Introduction · 0.91
Discussion
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