High Energy Physics - Theory · arXiv:1307.5915 v2 · submitted 23 Jul 2013
Cool horizons lead to information loss
The paper says
“We also demonstrate how models proposed by Susskind, Papadodimas et al. and Maldacena et al. end up making the initial to final state map non-invertible and thus make the horizon "cool" at the cost of unitarity.”
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Abstract
There are two evidences for information loss during black hole evaporation: (i) a pure state evolves to a mixed state and (ii) the map from the initial state to final state is non-invertible. Any proposed resolution of the information paradox must address both these issues. The firewall argument focuses only on the first and this leads to order one deviations from the Unruh vacuum for maximally entangled black holes. The nature of the argument does not extend to black holes in pure states. It was shown by Avery, Puhm and the author that requiring the initial state to final state map to be invertible mandates structure at the horizon even for pure states. The proof works if black holes can be formed in generic states and in this paper we show that this is indeed the case. We also demonstrate how models proposed by Susskind, Papadodimas et al. and Maldacena et al. end up making the initial to final state map non-invertible and thus make the horizon "cool" at the cost of unitarity.
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abstract compiled · 2026-09-23 · no language-model review
How the main claim is stated: asserted 1.00
What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.08 · states limitation 0.33 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.06 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.13 · compares with prior results 0.94 · mentions code or data availability 0.02
The abstract, sentence by sentence
This table labels the abstract only (arXiv listing abstract v2). The number is the probability the classifier gave the label.
| Sentence | Role | The authors' own work | States the main conclusion | Strength |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| There are two evidences for information loss during black hole evaporation: (i) a pure state evolves to a mixed state and (ii) the map from the initial state to final state is non-invertible. | background 1.00 | 0.12 | 0.09 | asserted 1.00 |
| Any proposed resolution of the information paradox must address both these issues. | background 0.92 | 0.09 | 0.07 | asserted 0.99 |
| The firewall argument focuses only on the first and this leads to order one deviations from the Unruh vacuum for maximally entangled black holes. | background 0.60 | 0.14 | 0.06 | asserted 1.00 |
| The nature of the argument does not extend to black holes in pure states. | background 0.33 | 0.09 | 0.04 | asserted 1.00 |
| It was shown by Avery, Puhm and the author that requiring the initial state to final state map to be invertible mandates structure at the horizon even for pure states. | background 0.57 | 0.37 | 0.19 | asserted 1.00 |
| The proof works if black holes can be formed in generic states and in this paper we show that this is indeed the case. | contribution 0.66 | 0.90 | 0.20 | asserted 1.00 |
| We also demonstrate how models proposed by Susskind, Papadodimas et al. and Maldacena et al. end up making the initial to final state map non-invertible and thus make the horizon "cool" at the cost of unitarity. | result 0.67 | 0.87 | 0.41 | asserted 1.00 |
What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 0.97 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.87
What was examined, and what was not
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Cited by 5 Pith papers
Reviewed papers on Pith that cite this one. The full citation record
- Firewalls From Double Purity hep-th · Aug 2013
- Holographic Schwinger Effect and the Geometry of Entanglement hep-th · Jul 2013
- Excluding Black Hole Firewalls with Extreme Cosmic Censorship hep-th · Jun 2013
- Unitarity and fuzzball complementarity: "Alice fuzzes but may not even know it!" hep-th · Oct 2012
- Jerusalem Lectures on Black Holes and Quantum Information hep-th · Sep 2014
How the literature uses it
11 arXiv papers cite this in 13 sentences
Papers citing it · 10 sentences without a confident label
Cites it as background 3 papers
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The recent literature on the reconstruction of the bulk from the boundary, and the associated paradoxes, starting with the work of Mathur [ref] and AMPS [ref] , is rather extensive [ref] .
Smooth Causal Patches for AdS Black Holes · Introduction and summary of results · 1.00
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The AMPS argument has elicited a large number of responses (including a few [ref] to forms of the argument realized even before the AMPS paper), some of which appear to support the firewall idea [ref] , others seem rather agnostic or ambivalent [ref] , and yet others of which raise skepticism about it [ref] .
Excluding Black Hole Firewalls with Extreme Cosmic Censorship · Introduction · 0.92
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The recent literature on the information paradox is extensive [ref] .
Comments on the Necessity and Implications of State-Dependence in the Black Hole Interior · Introduction · 1.00
What it cites · 81 sentences without a confident label
Contests 1 paper
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The results of [ref] are in direct contradiction with some papers claiming to resolve some or all issues with fuzzballs/firewalls so we will address three such models out of the burgeoning literature.
Unitarity and fuzzball complementarity: "Alice fuzzes but may not even know it!" · Why some “resolutions" of our result/fuzzballs/firewalls do not work · contest 0.79
Builds on 1 paper
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Avery [ref] generalized this to include the other two directions in the space of Hilbert space of the two qubits interfacestates at the intersection completing Mathur's proof.
Qubit Models of Black Hole Evaporation · Small corrections to Hawking's process and purity of final state · 0.80
Compares with 3 papers
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A similar idea was recently discussed by Maldacena and Susskind in [ref] but with the opposite conclusion.
Cool horizons for entangled black holes · Model 3 - “ER=EPR" model · 0.93
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Our result is stronger than the results of [ref] and proves that there has to be an order one correction to the Unruh vacuum at the horizon even for young black holes.
Qubit Models of Black Hole Evaporation · Unitarity requires order one corrections at each step of emission · 0.97
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Our result is stronger than the results of [ref] and proves that there has to be an order one correction to the Unruh vacuum at the horizon even for young black holes.
The information paradox: A pedagogical introduction · Unitarity requires order one corrections at each step of emission · 0.97
Cites as support 3 papers
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This will put the proof of [ref] on a firm footing.
Unitarity and fuzzball complementarity: "Alice fuzzes but may not even know it!" · Possibility of structure at horizon before Page time/ for pure states · 0.96
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There is evidence from the weakly coupled D1-D5 system at the orbifold point that around $T R ∼1$ there will be a phase transition coming from the long string sector converting into shorter strings [ref] .
The quantum structure of black holes · D1-D5 black string · 0.96
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We are of the opinion that the results of this paper (see also [ref] ) strongly support the idea that the horizon of black holes are not smooth and instead the geometries end in fuzzy-stringy states outside the horizon i.e. fuzzballs.
Evaporating Firewalls · Conclusion and discussion · 1.00
Cites as background 12 papers
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Page conjectured in [ref] (and this was proven in [ref] ) that for typical states in a Hilbert space $ℋ$ of dimension $D_ℋ$, the von-Neuman entropy of a subsystem $𝒜$ of dimension $D_𝒜$ increases from zero with the dimension of $D_𝒜$ till $D_𝒜^2 = D_ℋ$ and then starts to decrease, going back to zero when $D_𝒜 = D_ℋ$.
Average Entropy of a Subsystem · Leading order Hawking result · 0.81
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Page conjectured in [ref] (and this was proven in [ref] ) that for typical states in a Hilbert space $ℋ$ of dimension $D_ℋ$, the von-Neuman entropy of a subsystem $𝒜$ of dimension $D_𝒜$ increases from zero with the dimension of $D_𝒜$ till $D_𝒜^2 = D_ℋ$ and then starts to decrease, going back to zero when $D_𝒜 = D_ℋ$.
Average Entropy of a Subsystem · Leading order Hawking result · 0.81
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In Section [ref] we briefly review the information loss paradox, the stability of Hawking's result [ref] and the firewall argument [ref] .
The information paradox: A pedagogical introduction · Introduction · 1.00
Challenges and discussion
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