Quantum Corrections and the de Sitter Swampland Conjecture

Evan McDonough; Keshav Dasgupta; Maxim Emelin; Radu Tatar

REVIEW

Quantum Corrections and the de Sitter Swampland Conjecture

Keshav Dasgupta, Maxim Emelin, Evan McDonough, Radu Tatar

High Energy Physics - Theory · Submitted 22 Aug 2018 · 45 references

Pith's verdict: A genuinely new angle — testing the dS swampland conjecture against M-theory equations of motion — but the load-bearing no-EFT conclusion rests on an unproven claim about non-local Planck-suppressed terms.

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arXiv ID1808.07498 (version 4)

Pith IDSMLJFJA6, Pith's permanent record of this paper and its review

CitationEvan McDonough, Keshav Dasgupta, Maxim Emelin, Radu Tatar. "Quantum Corrections and the de Sitter Swampland Conjecture." arXiv:1808.07498 (2018). https://pith.science/paper/SMLJFJA6

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The thing to know: this paper does something the swampland literature mostly hasn't — it confronts the dS conjecture with actual equations of motion from dimensionally reduced M-theory rather than a potential-level inequality. The payoff is the observation that quantum corrections can support a dS background only by pulling in an infinite tower of higher-derivative terms with no hierarchy, which would mean no four-dimensional EFT. That is a real idea and worth someone's time. Whether the paper establishes it is a separate question, and my answer is: not yet. The warm-up sections are solid. The P(X) construction in Section 3 is clean, the mapping to the two-field model is standard but done correctly, and the point that the dS solution has no two-field UV completion is well made. Section 4's leading alpha' correction to the Kahler potential is a straightforward computation and the resulting |grad V|/V = (9/2)sqrt(2/3) looks right. The multi-field and soliton generalizations in Section 2 are elementary but harmless. The soft spot is Section 5.3. Everything downstream of Eq. 5.58 — the claim that each bracket contributes equally, that Q3 in Eq. 5.62 carries no g_s suppression, hence no EFT — follows from one sentence pointing at footnote 25. That footnote's construction is M_p^6 times an iterated integral of Box Lambda^(1) with fixed upper limits, which is a function of y, not a covariant local density, and Box Lambda^(1) is a total derivative on a closed Sigma_8 (the paper itself says 'assuming no boundary' a page later). So the assertion that the polynomial series has no leading 1/M_p term is not established. If it does have one, the hierarchy survives and the headline conclusion does not follow. The authors do flag this openly, so it is disclosed rather than hidden, but it is the whole result. Second, the quasi-dS escape in abstract:s7 is asserted: |grad V|/V is never evaluated for the M-theory background, and the claim that time dependence supplies a strong g_s hierarchy is plausible but not shown. The heavy reliance on [3] for the EOMs and the no-go constraint (5.55) is fine — it is their own published work — but it means the new content is precisely the weakest link. Who should read it: swampland people and anyone thinking about dS in string theory. It deserves a referee, with instructions to press on footnote 25 and Eq. 5.58.

Referee report

Significance

The question of whether the swampland conjecture is a statement about potentials or about the breakdown of effective field theory is a genuinely interesting one, and attempting to answer it from the ten- and eleven-dimensional equations of motion rather than from four-dimensional model building is the right instinct. The paper is also unusually candid about where its own arguments are incomplete, and the observation that the classical no-go results of [3] can be evaded only by an infinite tower of corrections is a useful framing. If the central claim of §5.3 could be made precise, it would sharpen the sense in which de Sitter is excluded from the landscape. As written, however, the decisive step is asserted rather than derived, and the paper's headline conclusions are correspondingly stronger than the evidence presented.

Major objections (4)

[§5.3, Eq. (5.58) and footnote 25] The conclusion that the quantum series has no leading term in 1/M_p — and hence that all C^(k)_MN contribute equally, giving Eq. (5.62) with no g_s suppression — rests entirely on footnote 25. That footnote constructs a term by taking M_p^6 times an iterated integral of □Λ^(1) with fixed upper limits y_1…y_8, producing M_p^3 Γ^(5)(y). Two problems need to be addressed before this can carry the weight placed on it. First, □Λ^(1) is a total derivative, so on a closed Σ₈ the volume integral vanishes; the paper itself invokes 'assuming no boundary' in the same discussion around Eq. (5.50). Second, an object defined by an iterated integral with fixed upper limits is a function of the coordinates, not a covariant local density, and it is not obvious that such an object can appear in the quantum effective action at all rather than being a field redefinition. If footnote 25's terms are absent or are removable, the polynomial series of Eq. (5.11) retains a leading 1/M_p power, a hierarchy survives, and the no-EFT conclusion does not follow. The authors should either exhibit a genuine local higher-derivative invariant with positive powers of M_p that survives on a closed internal space, or weaken the claim of Eq. (5.58) accordingly.
[§5.3, Eqs. (5.57)–(5.59) and abstract sentence s7] The claim that time dependence 'provides strong hierarchy, and in turn controlling the sum' is the basis for the paper's positive result, that quasi-de Sitter solutions exist without violating the swampland criterion. But |∇V|/V is never evaluated for the M-theory background anywhere in §5. The argument proceeds by analogy to Eq. (2.13), and the authors themselves state in §2 that Eq. (2.17) should be viewed 'simply as an algebraic identity at this stage.' Moreover the condition quoted in Eq. (5.59), g_s^{2|a|}/M_p^b ≪ 1, is a condition for control of the expansion, not a computation of the swampland ratio. To support the abstract's claim, the paper needs at minimum an estimate of |∇V|/V for the background of Eqs. (5.1) and (5.48) in the regime where the series is under control, and a statement of which c the solution is being compared against. As it stands the positive result and the negative result are established to quite different standards.
[§5.2, Eq. (5.11) and §5.3, Eq. (5.22)] The quantum potential V_Q is introduced with unspecified constants C_mnpq and D_mnpq and an unspecified set of tensor contractions, and the entire subsequent analysis of hierarchy is a statement about the structure of this unknown series. The abstract states as a result that 'generically such a constrained system does not allow for an effective field theory description,' but what is actually shown is that if the series has no hierarchy then there is no EFT — a conditional. The authors do acknowledge this in places ('Whether such a procedure is indeed possible has never been checked'), but the abstract and the conclusions of §6 do not carry the same qualification. I would ask that the abstract and the final section be brought into line with what is demonstrated, and that the paper state explicitly which properties of the coefficients would have to hold for the no-EFT conclusion to be unavoidable.
[§5.2, Eqs. (5.27), (5.40) and (5.41)] The choice α_i = (1,−1,0,0,…) in Eq. (5.27) is described by the authors as ad hoc, and the attempted justification via the chain of (−1)'s in Eq. (5.40) rests on the assertion that 'a simple redefinition of these terms implies an equivalence to the original choice of (5.27).' That equivalence is not demonstrated. Similarly, the dismissal of Eq. (5.41) on the grounds that it 'cannot quite be a reasonable explanation because each of the equations … has to be valid at any instant of time t, giving rise to a continuous infinite number of constraints' is an assertion about the solution space of an infinite system, not a proof. Since the (0)-chain is what populates the time-independent equations (5.25) and (5.28), and hence the constraint (5.55) that drives the no-go argument, this step deserves an explicit demonstration or an explicit caveat.

Minor objections (7)

[§3, Eq. (3.16)] With Λ ∼ 10⁻¹²² M_p², the bound c ≲ 4√2/√Λ evaluates to roughly 10⁶¹, not 10¹²² as stated in the text following Eq. (3.16). The conclusion is unaffected, but the number should be corrected.
[§3, Eqs. (3.9)–(3.10)] With X ≡ −½(∂φ)² of mass dimension four and P(X) of mass dimension four, the solution X₀ = √2 M_p³/√Λ has mass dimension two and φ(t) = φ₀ + (8Λ)^{1/4} M_p^{3/2} t has a velocity of mass dimension two. Please check the powers of M_p in these two equations; a consistent assignment appears to require one fewer power of M_p in each.
[§5.2, Eqs. (5.50)–(5.51)] The symbols S_top and S_ntop appearing in Eqs. (5.50) and (5.51) are used without definition, and the notation δS_top/δC₀₁₂ is introduced only implicitly. A sentence defining these and their relation to the split of Eq. (5.11) would help.
[§5.2, Table 1] The third row of Table 1 lists C^(±n±1)_MN = … = C^(±n±s)_MN = 0 as providing 'an exact solution to the constraint equations,' but the table does not indicate why such a vanishing set is attainable given the definitions in Eq. (5.44). A short explanation in the caption would make the table self-contained.
[§5.1, footnote 8 and §5.3] The flat slicing of Eq. (5.2) covers only the top triangle of de Sitter, with t running from −∞ to 0. The discussion in §5.3 of 'early times' (t → −∞) and 'late times' (t → 0) should be phrased in terms of the physical time or the scale factor so that the reader can map the statements onto the global geometry.
[References] Several entries in the bibliography do not appear to be cited in the text, including [19], [20], [21], [25], [26] and [28]. Either cite them where relevant or remove them.
[Throughout] There are a number of typographical issues: 'de sitter' is lower-cased in several places in §5.3, 'Gmnpq andGmnab ﬁux' appears in §5.2, 'hierarcy' appears in §5.3, and 'Kahler' is used inconsistently with 'Kähler'. A careful pass would improve readability.

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The paper

The paper claims

Confronting the de Sitter swampland conjecture with the equations of motion themselves, the authors argue that a four-dimensional de Sitter background requires an infinite tower of quantum corrections with no hierarchy, leaving no effective

The reading

The de Sitter swampland conjecture says that any four-dimensional theory coming from string theory must satisfy $|nabla V|/V geq c$ with $c$ of order one, which forbids stable de Sitter vacua. Almost all work on the conjecture has been about potentials and bounds; this paper instead asks what the ten- and eleven-dimensional equations of motion say. Working with a de Sitter-like metric in type IIB theory lifted to M-theory on an eight-manifold, the authors show that every classical source with full de Sitter isometries is excluded, and that quantum corrections can in principle supply the missing positive energy, but only at a price: the corrections enter as an infinite series with no ordering between its terms. That, they argue, means the would-be solution has no four-dimensional effective field theory description. If the argument holds, the swampland conjecture's exclusion of de Sitter is not just a bound on a ratio of derivatives of a potential but a statement about where four-dimensional physics stops being a useful approximation. The paper then shows that a mild time dependence reintroduces a hierarchy, so quasi-de Sitter backgrounds can exist without violating the conjecture.

What carries the argument

The load-bearing object is the quantum-corrected energy-momentum tensor, written as a sum $T_{MN} = sum_k (Lambda |t|^2)^{alpha_k} C^{(k)}_{MN}$, where the $C^{(k)}_{MN}$ are time-neutral rank-two tensors built from contractions of the curvature and the M-theory four-form flux. Because the M-theory metric in Eq. 5.3 scales with time, the factor $(Lambda|t|^2)$ plays the role of $g_s^2$, so the exponent $alpha_k$ controls which corrections dominate. The de Sitter isometry-preserving case forces $alpha_k = 0$ for a semi-infinite chain, collapsing the hierarchy and leaving a sum of equally weighted terms. A second piece of machinery is the integral constraint of Eq. 5.54, which converts the classical no-go theorems into a requirement that a specific $h^{4/3}$-weighted combination of the quantum stress-tensor components be negative. The authors then show that a chain of negative exponents, or time-dependent flux scalings $G_{mnpq} sim (Lambda|t|^2)^{-|a_i|}$, restores ordering.

Extended reading notes

Core claim

The central claim is that a four-dimensional de Sitter background with full de Sitter isometries, built from dimensionally reduced M-theory with all quantum corrections retained, requires an infinite collection of higher-derivative terms that all contribute at the same order, so no four-dimensional effective field theory describes it. The argument runs through a no-go integral: after combining the time-independent Einstein equations for the internal six-manifold, the fiber torus, and three-dimensional spacetime, the positive classical terms can only be cancelled if a weighted sum of quantum stress-tensor pieces is negative definite (Eq. 5.55). Satisfying that requires summing a semi-infinite chain of corrections. Organizing the quantum series by powers of $(Lambda |t|^2)$, equivalently by powers of the type IIA string coupling $g_s$, the authors find that the terms carrying no time dependence all appear with equal weight, so the expansion parameter that would normally order them is absent. They draw an explicit contrast with QCD, where the analogue of the series carries powers of $g_{YM}^2$ and an effective description survives; here the corresponding sum has no such factor. Switching on time-dependent flux components restores the $g_s$ hierarchy, and in that regime solutions can exist that satisfy the swampland bound, because the background no longer has exact de Sitter isometries.

Load-bearing premise

The conclusion that no four-dimensional effective theory exists rests on the claim that non-local quantum corrections carrying positive powers of the Planck mass are present and are not suppressed by their coefficient functions, so that each block of the quantum series contributes at the same order; this is asserted in footnote 25 rather than derived.

Editorial extensions

If this is right

If the argument is right, the swampland conjecture's exclusion of de Sitter vacua is a statement about the breakdown of four-dimensional effective field theory rather than a bound that a clever enough potential could evade.
Quasi-de Sitter backgrounds with mild time dependence remain compatible with the conjecture, which fits the separate proposal that quintessence-type cosmologies satisfy swampland constraints.
Flat and anti-de Sitter backgrounds are unaffected: the authors note that with $Lambda leq 0$ the equations no longer split into time-dependent and time-independent pieces, $g_s$ becomes time-independent, and both backgrounds remain under control classically.
Any construction that claims a de Sitter vacuum in string theory must exhibit a hierarchy among its quantum corrections, or explain why the infinite series is under control.
The $alpha'$ corrections to the T-duality rules relating the type IIB and M-theory descriptions can be neglected provided a specific inequality on the eleven-dimensional radius holds (Eq. 5.67).

Reading between the lines

Editorial extensions of the paper, not claims the author makes directly.

The paper's logic suggests a sharper form of the conjecture to test: rather than asking whether a potential satisfies $|nabla V|/V geq c$, ask whether the quantum series that generates the potential has a leading term. The two questions look equivalent here but need not be in general.
The QCD analogy the authors draw is instructive in reverse: in QCD the breakdown of the pion description is accompanied by a known ultraviolet completion with identifiable degrees of freedom. Here the tower is not identified, so the claim is really that the completion is unknown rather than that it is absent.
If time dependence is what restores the hierarchy, then the cosmological constant problem and the swampland conjecture become entangled: a universe that must roll slowly to satisfy the bound is also one whose effective description is under better control.
The negative-definite constraint of Eq. 5.55 is a concrete target. Any explicit Calabi-Yau compactification with computed higher-derivative terms could be checked against it, which would turn the argument from a structural one into a testable one.

Original abstract

Recently a swampland criterion has been proposed that rules out de Sitter vacua in string theory. Such a criterion should hold at all points in the field space and especially at points where the system is on-shell. However there has not been any attempt to examine the swampland criterion against explicit equations of motion. In this paper we study four-dimensional de Sitter and quasi-de Sitter solutions using dimensionally reduced M-theory. While on one hand all classical sources that could allow for solutions with de Sitter isometries are ruled out, the quantum corrections, on the other hand, are found to allow for de Sitter solutions provided certain constraints are satisfied. A careful study however shows that generically such a constrained system does not allow for an effective field theory description in four-dimensions. Nevertheless, if some hierarchies between the various quantum pieces could be found, certain solutions with an effective field theory description might exist. Such hierarchies appear once some mild time dependence is switched on, in which case certain quasi-de Sitter solutions may be found without a violation of the swampland criterion.

The compiled record

The paper's own sentences, arranged, kept beside the review and separate from it. Each label is drawn from a closed vocabulary; the number beside it is the probability the classifier gave that label. Numbers in the tables are the authors', checked by code. No sentence in this record was written by a model.

Compiled by classifier-1.13.0 via TypeSafe API, question bank abstract-p1-20260923, 2026-09-23: 1 request, 6,215 input tokens.

What the abstract itself states, as probabilities: claims first 0.47 · states limitation 0.91 · human participants 0.01 · controlled comparison 0.04 · randomized assignment 0.01 · states quantitative result 0.05 · compares with prior results 0.42 · mentions code or data availability 0.01.

The abstract, sentence by sentence

arXiv listing abstract v4. Results and the main claim are underlined; show every role.

Recently a swampland criterion has been proposed that rules out de Sitter vacua in string theory. Such a criterion should hold at all points in the field space and especially at points where the system is on-shell. However there has not been any attempt to examine the swampland criterion against explicit equations of motion. In this paper we study four-dimensional de Sitter and quasi-de Sitter solutions using dimensionally reduced M-theory. While on one hand all classical sources that could allow for solutions with de Sitter isometries are ruled out, the quantum corrections, on the other hand, are found to allow for de Sitter solutions provided certain constraints are satisfied. A careful study however shows that generically such a constrained system does not allow for an effective field theory description in four-dimensions. Nevertheless, if some hierarchies between the various quantum pieces could be found, certain solutions with an effective field theory description might exist. Such hierarchies appear once some mild time dependence is switched on, in which case certain quasi-de Sitter solutions may be found without a violation of the swampland criterion.

background contribution method result interpretation main claim

What the classifier reports for each sentence. The number is the probability it gave the label.
#	sentence	role	the authors' own work	states the main conclusion	strength
s0	Recently a swampland criterion has been proposed that rules out de Sitter vacua in string theory.	background 1.00	0.03	0.03	asserted 0.97
s1	Such a criterion should hold at all points in the field space and especially at points where the system is on-shell.	background 0.96	0.06	0.03	asserted 0.72
s2	However there has not been any attempt to examine the swampland criterion against explicit equations of motion.	gap 1.00	0.07	0.02	asserted 1.00
s3	In this paper we study four-dimensional de Sitter and quasi-de Sitter solutions using dimensionally reduced M-theory.	contribution 0.85	0.90	0.04	asserted 0.98
s4	While on one hand all classical sources that could allow for solutions with de Sitter isometries are ruled out, the quantum corrections, on the other hand, are found to allow for de Sitter solutions provided certain constraints are satisfied.	result 1.00	0.93	0.37	asserted 0.96
s5	A careful study however shows that generically such a constrained system does not allow for an effective field theory description in four-dimensions.	result 0.87	0.89	0.40	asserted 0.97
s6	Nevertheless, if some hierarchies between the various quantum pieces could be found, certain solutions with an effective field theory description might exist.	result 0.66	0.61	0.13	hedged possibility 0.77
s7	Such hierarchies appear once some mild time dependence is switched on, in which case certain quasi-de Sitter solutions may be found without a violation of the swampland criterion.	result 0.96	0.82	0.39	hedged possibility 0.90

What kind of paper the classifier reports this is: theoretical result 1.00 · evidence from proof or derivation 0.99.

What was examined, and what was not

sources read

arXiv listing abstract v4

not examined

full text
figures and tables
references and citing sentences
relations to other papers

levels run

P abstract

not run

S sections
T body sentences
C citations
R cross-paper relations

Every quoted sentence on this record is the authors'. Every label is from Pith's closed vocabulary, with the probability shown beside it. Every number in the measurements table is the authors', checked by code. Record as JSON

Figures

**Figure 1.** Potential V (φ) from leading α 0 correction with positive ξ (i.e. negative χ). The lack of minimum at finite volume indicates that there is no stable background about which to compute non-perturbative corrections, as suggested in [7]. However one may still study the perturbative dynamics in this unstable background, since despite the non-existence of a stable background solution, there do exists rolling solutions. With this in mind, we now turn to the swampland conjecture. Importantly, note that ∇V is defined as q g ij∂φiV ∂φjV , where and hence depends on metric on the kinetic fiel

Figures reproduced from arXiv:1808.07498 by the authors.

References

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B. Elder, A. Joyce, J. Khoury and A. J. Tolley, “Positive energy theorem for P (X,φ ) theories,” Phys. Rev. D 91, no. 6, 064002 (2015) Phys. Rev. D. 91.064002 [arXiv:1405.7696 [hep-th]]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2015
[34]

S. Tsujikawa, “Dark energy: investigation and modeling,” arXiv:1004.1493 [astro-ph.CO]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[35]

S. Deser and D. Seminara, “Counterterms / M theory corrections to D = 11 supergravity,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 2435 (1999) [hep-th/9812136]; “Tree amplitudes and two loop counterterms in D = 11 supergravity,” Phys. Rev. D 62, 084010 (2000) [hep-th/0002241]; “Graviton-form invariants in D=11 supergravity,” Phys. Rev. D 72, 027701 (2005) [hep-th/0506073]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[36]

D. J. Gross and E. Witten, “Superstring Modiﬁcations of Einstein’s Equations,” Nucl. Phys. B 277, 1 (1986); D. J. Gross and J. H. Sloan, “The Quartic Eﬀective Action for the Heterotic String,” Nucl. Phys. B 291, 41 (1987); M. T. Grisaru and D. Zanon, “ σ Model Superstring Corrections to the Einstein-hilbert Action,” Phys. Lett. B 177, 347 (1986); R. R. Me...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1986
[37]

P. Chen, K. Dasgupta, K. Narayan, M. Shmakova and M. Zagermann, “Brane inﬂation, solitons and cosmological solutions: 1.,” JHEP 0509, 009 (2005) [hep-th/0501185]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2005
[38]

K. Dasgupta, G. Rajesh, D. Robbins and S. Sethi, “Time dependent warping, ﬂuxes, and NCYM,” JHEP 0303, 041 (2003) [hep-th/0302049]; T. Maxﬁeld and S. Sethi, “DBI from Gravity,” JHEP 1702, 108 (2017) [arXiv:1612.00427 [hep-th]]. – 39 –

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2003
[39]

M. B. Green, J. A. Harvey and G. W. Moore, “I-brane inﬂow and anomalous couplings on d-branes,” Class. Quant. Grav. 14, 47 (1997) [hep-th/9605033]; K. Dasgupta, D. P. Jatkar and S. Mukhi, “Gravitational couplings and Z(2) orientifolds,” Nucl. Phys. B 523, 465 (1998) [hep-th/9707224]; K. Dasgupta and S. Mukhi, “Anomaly inﬂow on orientifold planes,” JHEP 98...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1997
[40]

R. Donagi, “Heterotic / F theory duality: ICMP lecture,” hep-th/9802093

View on Pith Pith review arXiv
[41]

E. Bergshoeﬀ, B. Janssen and T. Ortin, “Solution generating transformations and the string eﬀective action,” Class. Quant. Grav. 13, 321 (1996) doi:10.1088/0264-9381/13/3/002 [hep-th/9506156]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[42]

K. Becker and M. Becker, “M theory on eight manifolds,” Nucl. Phys. B 477, 155 (1996) [hep-th/9605053]; S. Sethi, C. Vafa and E. Witten, “Constraints on low dimensional string compactiﬁcations,” Nucl. Phys. B 480, 213 (1996) [hep-th/9606122]; K. Dasgupta and S. Mukhi, “A Note on low dimensional string compactiﬁcations,” Phys. Lett. B 398, 285 (1997) [hep-...

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1996
[43]

K. Dasgupta, G. Rajesh and S. Sethi, “M theory, orientifolds and G - ﬂux,” JHEP 9908, 023 (1999) [hep-th/9908088]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999
[44]

M. R. Douglas and H. Ooguri, “Why matrix theory is hard,” Phys. Lett. B 425, 71 (1998) [hep-th/9710178]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998
[45]

G. Calcagni and L. Modesto, “Nonlocal quantum gravity and M-theory,” Phys. Rev. D 91, no. 12, 124059 (2015) [arXiv:1404.2137 [hep-th]]. – 40 –

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2015

Forward citations

Cited by 16 Pith papers

Reviewed papers in the Pith corpus that reference this work. Sorted by Pith novelty score. Full citation record

Pixelated Dark Energy
hep-th 2019-01 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The pixel model of dark energy predicts w_a = -1.5 Omega_m,0 (1+w_0) and a cutoff l_max ~ N on the CMB angular power spectrum, both consequences of a cosmological constant scaling as 1/N in the pixel number.
A Holographic Derivation of the Weak Gravity Conjecture
hep-th 2018-12 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

Exactly stable extremal black branes in AdS would produce a volume-law entanglement entropy that contradicts a proven area-law theorem, so a superextremal particle must exist.
Scaling limits of dS vacua and the swampland
hep-th 2018-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

De Sitter vacua in massive type IIA flux compactifications cannot achieve parametric control over alpha-prime and string loop corrections, because large volume and weak coupling require a number of O6-planes that any ...
Weakly Coupled de Sitter Vacua with Fluxes and the Swampland
hep-th 2018-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

In classical type IIA flux compactifications with O6-planes, D6-branes and KK monopoles, de Sitter vacua are ruled out at parametrically large volume and/or parametrically small string coupling, even with fluxes unbou...
F-theory and Dark Energy
hep-th 2018-11 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

F-theory on a warped Spin(7) times fluxed S^3 background is argued to give a 4D vacuum with cancelled zero-point energy and superpartner masses split by the geometric mean of the IR and UV cutoffs.

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Do We Live in the Swampland?
hep-th 2018-09 conditional novelty 6.0 of 10

The QCD axion and simple Higgs-sector extensions are incompatible with the de Sitter swampland conjecture, because their potentials have positive local maxima where the gradient is far too small relative to the potent...
Quantum Log-Corrections to Swampland Conjectures
hep-th 2019-10 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

The KKLT and large volume anti-de Sitter vacua imply that the AdS swampland conjectures acquire logarithmic corrections, which the authors propose as amended conjectures.
de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape
hep-th 2019-08 conditional novelty 5.0 of 10

A time-dependent type IIB construction, analyzed via M-theory uplift, is claimed to allow 4D de Sitter vacua with a time-independent Newton constant, provided certain quantum corrections obey specific inequalities.
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Cosmological data bound the swampland conjectures' slope and curvature constants to lambda < 0.51 and c < 0.73 at 95% confidence, disfavoring order-one values at 4.5 sigma and 2.3 sigma.
Runaway Quintessence, Out of the Swampland
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A string modulus frozen near the de Sitter maximum of its non-perturbative runaway potential can source a tiny vacuum energy and later thaw into rolling quintessence, consistent with the refined de Sitter Swampland Co...
Distance and de Sitter Conjectures on the Swampland
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A refined de Sitter conjecture, forbidding stable de Sitter vacua while permitting potential maxima, is argued to follow from the distance conjecture plus Bousso's entropy bound in weakly coupled string regimes.
Cosmological window onto the string axiverse and the supersymmetry breaking scale
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Cosmological limits combined with string-inspired priors yield an instanton action S = 198 ± 28 and an axion mass near 10^-22 eV, but the numbers are set mainly by the priors, not the data.
The asymptotic dS Swampland Conjecture - a simplified derivation and a potential loophole
hep-th 2018-10 accept novelty 4.0 of 10

The species bound plus the distance conjecture force an exponentially falling scalar potential at large field values, but an oscillating prefactor shows this bound alone does not forbid de Sitter minima.
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Quantum particle production in de Sitter space drains the cosmological constant, which the author argues explains the absence of stable de Sitter vacua in string theory.
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Time-varying dark-sector couplings in swampland quintessence produce vacuum-energy corrections vastly larger than the observed dark energy, so such models survive only via extreme fine-tuning, an unknown cancellation,...

How the literature uses it

54 arXiv papers cite this in 142 sentences

Each citing sentence is taken from the citing paper's LaTeX source and typed by Pith's classifier. A label appears at probability 0.8 or more (0.95 for support), a contest at 0.7 or more; the quoted words are the citing authors'. How each label was checked · JSON

Papers citing it · 90 sentences without a confident label

Builds on it 2 papers

We determine the relative scalings of these corrections with the type IIA string coupling, which also tracks their time-dependence, and investigate the possibility of an infinite series of time-independent corrections, such as that found in [ref] .

de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape · Introduction and summary · 0.85
One is to sharpen and expand the ideas behind the EOM-based approach of [ref] and express them in a language of truncated trans-series.

Effective Theories as Truncated Trans-Series and Scale Separated Compactifications · Introduction · 0.89

Uses its method or tool 1 paper

This has been used in [ref] , and one of the benefits of such a procedure is the order-by-order expansion of the on-shell degrees of freedom that renders the $g_s$ and $M_p$ hierarchies transparent.

de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape · Coherent states and the Schwinger-Dyson equations · 0.97

Compares with it 1 paper

Since the internal space remains time-independent, we can only study the four-dimensional metric, which transforms to: ds^2 = 1Λ|t|^2[-dt^2 + e^f(tt_0)^4 (dx_1^2 + dx_2^2 + dx_3^2)] → 1Λ|t'|^2(-dt'^2 + dx_1^2 + dx_2^2 + dx_3^2) , where the RHS is surprisingly similar to the four-dimensional metric that we considered earlier in [ref] as well as in [ref] provided we use $t'$ instead of $t$.

de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape · Kasner-de Sitter type solutions and EFT description · 0.95

Cites it as support 4 papers

In the absence of quantum corrections, even if we allow fluxes, branes, anti-branes and/or orientifold planes, neither of the two backgrounds can solve the sugra equations of motion as was shown in [ref] and [ref] .

de Sitter Vacua in the String landscape: La Petite Version · How hard is to get a de Sitter vacuum in string theory? · 0.99
These theories then truly belong to the swampland [ref] as shown in [ref] .

de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape · Discussions and conclusions · 0.96
However as our earlier works [ref] and the present paper will justify, this is not an insurmountable problem.

de Sitter Space as a Glauber-Sudarshan State · Why getting de Sitter space is a hard problem? · 0.96

Cites it as background 34 papers

In [ref] the viability of de Sitter vacua in type IIB theory were studied from the perspective of its M-theory uplift.

de Sitter Vacua in the String Landscape · Introduction and summary · 0.91
In recent work [ref] , the question of realizing de Sitter space was investigated from the equation of motion perspective.

Effective Theories as Truncated Trans-Series and Scale Separated Compactifications · Introduction · 0.81
The de Sitter conjecture in [ref] does not contain the part in the parenthesis and it is later refined in [ref] (see also [ref] ).

Topological Eternal Hilltop Inflation and the Swampland Criteria · Introduction · 0.98

What it cites · 51 sentences without a confident label

Builds on 1 paper

This immediately tells us that the lower bound in the presence of multiple fields can be expressed as: c_o|b| ≤ |∇V|V, where $|b|$ and $|∇V|$ are defined in the way described earlier, and one may express the left hand side of the inequality [ref] simply as $c$ of [ref] .

De Sitter Space and the Swampland · Bounds on the potential and the swampland conjecture · 0.92

Compares with 2 papers

The precise metric is [ref] : ds_8^2 = g_mndy^mdy^nΛ^1/3 |t|^2/3 + Λ^2/3 |t|^4/3 |dz|^2, where one could see that as time progresses the size of the six-dimensional base increases whereas the size of the fiber torus shrinks.

de Sitter Vacua in Type IIB String Theory: Classical Solutions and Quantum Corrections · Vacua with de Sitter isometries and their M-theory uplifts · 0.92
We can further rearrange [ref] to take the following suggestive form: |∇V|V ≥ - 1V √(g^ab ∂_0ϕ_a ∂_0ϕ_b) |∂V∂t |, which surprisingly looks like the bound proposed in [ref] if we can identify the right hand side of the inequality to $c$ of [ref] .

De Sitter Space and the Swampland · Bounds on the potential and the swampland conjecture · 0.81

Cites as support 1 paper

The lack of minimum at finite volume indicates that there is no stable background about which to compute non-perturbative corrections, as suggested in [ref] .

Supersymmetry Breaking by Fluxes · String Theory corrections to Kahler Potential and the Swampland · 0.99

Cites as background 12 papers

As such $κ^2T_2$ takes care of the dimensions of the topological and the brane terms (see [ref] for more details).

de Sitter Vacua in Type IIB String Theory: Classical Solutions and Quantum Corrections · Equations of motion and quantum effects from M-theory · 0.89
Starting with the supergravity work of Gibbons [ref] and continued by Maldacena-Nunez [ref] , no-go theorems for dS have been formulated with ever increasing breadth [ref] (see also [ref] for related discussions).

What if string theory has no de Sitter vacua? · Introduction · 0.99
Starting with the supergravity work of Gibbons [ref] and continued by Maldacena-Nunez [ref] , no-go theorems for dS have been formulated with ever increasing breadth [ref] (see also [ref] for related discussions).

Constraints on String Cosmology · Introduction · 0.99

Discussion

Disagree with the review, or know something it missed? Leave a comment, highlight any passage above to comment on it, or challenge this review formally.

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View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2005

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K. Dasgupta, G. Rajesh and S. Sethi, “M theory, orientifolds and G - ﬂux,” JHEP 9908, 023 (1999) [hep-th/9908088]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1999

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M. R. Douglas and H. Ooguri, “Why matrix theory is hard,” Phys. Lett. B 425, 71 (1998) [hep-th/9710178]

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 1998

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G. Calcagni and L. Modesto, “Nonlocal quantum gravity and M-theory,” Phys. Rev. D 91, no. 12, 124059 (2015) [arXiv:1404.2137 [hep-th]]. – 40 –

View on Pith Pith review arXiv 2015