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Chiral Magnetic Josephson junction: a base for low-noise superconducting qubits?

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Pith's one-line read A ferromagnet inside a Josephson junction between two non-centrosymmetric superconductors produces a phase offset tunable by magnetization, enabling a flux-bias-free superconducting qubit.

arxiv 1908.00392 v1 pith:67NF7TQU submitted 2019-08-01 cond-mat.supr-con cond-mat.mes-hallhep-phquant-ph

M. N. Chernodub , J. Garaud , D. E. Kharzeev This is my paper · ORCID
classification cond-mat.supr-concond-mat.mes-hallhep-phquant-ph
keywords junctionmagneticchiraljosephsonferromagneteffectmagnetizationnon-centrosymmetric
verification ladder T0 review T1 audit T2 compute T3 formal

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The reading

In ordinary superconductors, the current through a Josephson junction vanishes when the phase difference between the two sides is zero. The authors study junctions made of non-centrosymmetric superconductors, materials that lack mirror symmetry. Such superconductors have a special coupling between a magnetic field and the supercurrent, described in the Ginzburg-Landau theory by a Lifshitz invariant. The authors insert a ferromagnet between two such superconductors, with the ferromagnet's magnetization pointing along the direction of the current. The broken spatial symmetry shifts the current-phase relation to J = J0 sin(phi - phi_g), where the offset phi_g is proportional to the magnetization, the junction length, and a poorly known material parameter K. This means a current can flow even at zero phase difference, analogous to the Chiral Magnetic Effect in Weyl semimetals. The offset behaves like a built-in magnetic flux. The authors then show that an inductively shunted version of this junction obeys the same Hamiltonian as a fluxonium qubit, but with the offset set by the magnetization rather than by an external magnetic coil. Since the offset depends only on the magnetization component along the current, and since this component fluctuates only weakly at millikelvin temperatures, the qubit may be less sensitive to flux noise than conventional designs. The main uncertainties are the value of K and whether the exchange field of the ferromagnet couples to the supercurrent in exactly the same way as a real magnetic field.
Extended reading notes

Core claim

The paper claims the junction current is J = J0 sin(phi - phi_g) with phi_g = e h_x K L (Eqs. (11)-(12)), and that the resulting chiral magnetic qubit needs no external flux bias and is protected from magnetization noise. If correct, this provides a magnetization-tunable, flux-bias-free Josephson qubit element.

Load-bearing premise

The derivation assumes the exchange field h of the ferromagnet can be substituted for the magnetic field B in the Lifshitz invariant (K/2) h·j with the same coupling constant K (Eq. (4) and accompanying text). If exchange fields couple to the supercurrent differently than orbital magnetic fields, the phase offset formula phi_g = e h_x K L fails. This enters before Eq. (7) and is the premise on which the entire prediction rests.

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Assumptions & free parameters 1 free parameters · 5 assumptions · 0 invented entities

The central result rests on the GL model with the Lifshitz invariant and on the identification of the exchange field with the magnetic field in that term. K is the only genuinely uncertain free parameter, and it enters linearly in phi_g.

free parameters (1)
  • K (parity-odd magnetoelectric coupling) = K ≈ (10^-3 to 10^-2) lambda, with lambda ≈ 0.1-1 um
    The phase offset (12) is directly proportional to K; its value is not measured by the authors but taken from the literature with an order-of-magnitude range. The claim that phi_g can reach pi depends on assuming the upper end of this range.
assumptions (5)
  • domain assumption GL free energy (4) with single-component order parameter and Lifshitz invariant (K/2) j·h describes non-centrosymmetric superconductors with O point-group symmetry.
    Taken from Refs. 7 and 31; standard phenomenological model for NCS materials like Li2Pt3B and Mo3Al2C.
  • ad hoc to paper The exchange field h of the ferromagnet plays the same role as the magnetic field B in the Lifshitz invariant, with the same coupling constant K.
    Stated in the text before Eq. (4); this is the weakest assumption. Exchange fields couple to spin, whereas the Lifshitz invariant usually describes coupling to an orbital magnetic field.
  • domain assumption Rigid boundary conditions (10) with continuity of the order parameter at the NCS/F interfaces and no interface barrier.
    Standard simplification used in Refs. 8 and 36; it neglects interface scattering and suppression factors.
  • domain assumption The weak link is in the normal state and the quartic term in the GL free energy is neglected; no pair-breaking term h^2|psi|^2 is included.
    The paper explicitly neglects the quartic term and assumes a > a_c; the absence of an explicit pair-breaking term in Eq. (7) is an additional simplification.
  • domain assumption A uniaxial ferromagnet with easy axis along the current has stable h_x and longitudinal fluctuations suppressed by a factor cT/T_C ≈ 10^-4 to 10^-5 at millikelvin temperatures.
    Used for the noise-protection claim; cite Refs. 50 and 51 for the Landau-Lifshitz-Bloch analysis.

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Pith. "Pith review of Chiral Magnetic Josephson junction: a base for low-noise superconducting qubits?." pith.science (2026). https://pith.science/paper/67NF7TQU

@misc{pith2026190800392,
  author       = {Pith},
  title        = {Pith review of: Chiral Magnetic Josephson junction: a base for low-noise superconducting qubits?},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://pith.science/paper/67NF7TQU}},
  note         = {Machine review of arXiv:1908.00392}
}
read the original abstract

Superconducting materials with non-centrosymmetric lattices lacking the space inversion symmetry are known to exhibit a variety of interesting parity-breaking phenomena, including the anomalous Josephson effect. Here we consider a Josephson junction consisting of two non-centrosymmetric superconductors (NCSs) connected by a uniaxial ferromagnet, and demonstrate that it exhibits a direct analog of the Chiral Magnetic Effect observed in Dirac and Weyl semimetals. We propose to use this "Chiral Magnetic Josephson junction" (CMJ junction) as an element of a qubit with a Hamiltonian tunable by the ferromagnet's magnetization. The CMJ junction allows to avoid the use of an offset magnetic flux in inductively shunted qubits, thus enabling a simpler and more robust architecture. The resulting"`chiral magnetic qubit" is protected from the noise caused by fluctuations in magnetization when the easy axis of the uniaxial ferromagnet is directed across the junction.

Figures

Figures reproduced from arXiv: 1908.00392 by the authors.

Figure 1
Figure 1. The Chiral Magnetic Josephson junction: two [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p001_1.png] view at source ↗
Figure 2
Figure 2. (a) Fluxonium-type qubit based on conventional [PITH_FULL_IMAGE:figures/full_fig_p004_2.png] view at source ↗

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