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On the Power-Law Hessian Spectrums in Deep Learning

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arxiv 2201.13011 v2 pith:CB77XFHP submitted 2022-01-31 cs.LG physics.bio-phq-bio.BM

On the Power-Law Hessian Spectrums in Deep Learning

classification cs.LG physics.bio-phq-bio.BM
keywords deephessianlearningpower-lawspectraleigenvalueslargenetworks
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It is well-known that the Hessian of deep loss landscape matters to optimization, generalization, and even robustness of deep learning. Recent works empirically discovered that the Hessian spectrum in deep learning has a two-component structure that consists of a small number of large eigenvalues and a large number of nearly-zero eigenvalues. However, the theoretical mechanism or the mathematical behind the Hessian spectrum is still largely under-explored. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate that the Hessian spectrums of well-trained deep neural networks exhibit simple power-law structures. Inspired by the statistical physical theories and the spectral analysis of natural proteins, we provide a maximum-entropy theoretical interpretation for explaining why the power-law structure exist and suggest a spectral parallel between protein evolution and training of deep neural networks. By conducing extensive experiments, we further use the power-law spectral framework as a useful tool to explore multiple novel behaviors of deep learning.

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Cited by 5 Pith papers

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  2. Why can genetic algorithms work in high-dimensional search spaces?

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  3. Closed-Form Steepest Descent Direction toward Flat Minima: Reducing Upper Bounds on the Loss Hessian Eigenspectrum in Neural Networks

    cs.LG 2026-06 unverdicted novelty 6.0

    Derives closed-form gradient of WS upper bound on Hessian max eigenvalue for 3-layer cross-entropy NNs and proposes HSR regularization to steer toward flat minima.

  4. Sketched Gaussian Mechanism for Private Federated Learning

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    cs.LG 2026-04 unverdicted novelty 5.0

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